diff --git a/Helmholtz/full_poposal/HIG-General-data_annex1.pdf b/Helmholtz/full_poposal/HIG-General-data_annex1.pdf index f9d75dd..24c2f13 100644 Binary files a/Helmholtz/full_poposal/HIG-General-data_annex1.pdf and b/Helmholtz/full_poposal/HIG-General-data_annex1.pdf differ diff --git a/Helmholtz/full_poposal/TODO.txt b/Helmholtz/full_poposal/TODO.txt index 828c58f..65c5db5 100644 --- a/Helmholtz/full_poposal/TODO.txt +++ b/Helmholtz/full_poposal/TODO.txt @@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ see info in HIG-call.pdf /- List of publications incl. h-Index (please highlight peer-reviewed and first or corresponding author publications), !awards! and patents (if applicable) /- CV (no more than 3 pages, Arial 10 pt.; incl. supervision experiences) -3. General data (Annex 1) - me with consultation with institute -- summary in 200 words (eng. deutsch) +/3. General data (Annex 1) - me with consultation with institute +/- summary in 200 words (eng. deutsch) /4. Financial plan (Annex 2) - me with consultation with institute -> leadership course verteilt drin + 3% pro jahr, 50k übrig momentan @@ -35,3 +35,12 @@ see info in HIG-call.pdf 10. University statement (Annex 8)- ??? later. 05 Juli + + +----------------- + +check outcomes, + +transverse(?) modulation for FELs??? + +check: ``virtual'' diagnostic in plasma accelerators via inverse problem method diff --git a/Helmholtz/full_poposal/official_documents/HIG-Call.pdf b/Helmholtz/full_poposal/official_documents/HIG-Call.pdf index 806466f..0535fdc 100644 Binary files a/Helmholtz/full_poposal/official_documents/HIG-Call.pdf and b/Helmholtz/full_poposal/official_documents/HIG-Call.pdf differ diff --git a/Helmholtz/full_poposal/proposal_text/antrag.bib b/Helmholtz/full_poposal/proposal_text/antrag.bib new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c6d4b2d --- /dev/null +++ b/Helmholtz/full_poposal/proposal_text/antrag.bib @@ -0,0 +1,709 @@ +@article{amstutz_microbunching_2022, + title = {Microbunching {{Studies}} for the {{FLASH2020}}+ {{Upgrade Using}} a {{Semi-Lagrangian Vlasov Solver}}}, + author = {Amstutz, Philipp and Vogt, Mathias}, + year = {2022}, + journal = {Proceedings of the 13th International Particle Accelerator Conference}, + volume = {IPAC2022}, + pages = {4 pages, 3.351 MB}, + publisher = {JACoW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland}, + issn = {2673-5490}, + doi = {10.18429/JACOW-IPAC2022-WEPOMS037}, + urldate = {2024-01-20}, + abstract = {Precise understanding of the microbunching instability is mandatory for the successful implementation of a compression strategy for advanced FEL operation modes such as the EEHG seeding scheme, which a key ingredient of the FLASH2020+ upgrade project. Simulating these effects using particle-tracking codes can be quite computationally intensive as an increasingly large number of particles is needed to adequately capture the dynamics occurring at small length scales and reduce artifacts from numerical shot-noise. For design studies as well as dedicated analysis of the microbunching instability semi-Lagrangian codes can have desirable advantages over particle-tracking codes, in particular due to their inherently reduced noise levels. However, rectangular high-resolution grids easily become computationally expensive. To this end we developed SelaV{$_1$}D, a one dimensional semi-Lagrangian Vlasov solver, which employs tree-based domain decomposition to allow for the simulation of entire exotic phase-space densities as they occur at FELs. In this contribution we present results of microbunching studies conducted for the FLASH2020+ upgrade using SelaV{$_1$}D.}, + collaborator = {Frank (Ed.), Zimmermann and Hitoshi (Ed.), Tanaka and Porntip (Ed.), Sudmuang and Prapong (Ed.), Klysubun and Prapaiwan (Ed.), Sunwong and Thakonwat (Ed.), Chanwattana and Christine (Ed.), Petit-Jean-Genaz and R.W. (Ed.), Volker, Schaa}, + copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International}, + isbn = {9783954502271}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {Accelerator Physics,MC5: Beam Dynamics and EM Fields} +} + +@article{apollonio_improved_2022, + title = {Improved {{Emittance}} and {{Brightness}} for the {{MAX IV}} 3 {{GeV Storage Ring}}}, + author = {Apollonio, Marco and Andersson, {\AA}ke and Brosi, Miriam and Lindvall, Robert and Olsson, David and Sj{\"o}str{\"o}m, Magnus and Sv{\"a}rd, Robin and Tavares, Pedro}, + year = {2022}, + journal = {Proceedings of the 13th International Particle Accelerator Conference}, + volume = {IPAC2022}, + pages = {4 pages, 2.876 MB}, + publisher = {JACoW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland}, + issn = {2673-5490}, + doi = {10.18429/JACOW-IPAC2022-MOPOPT023}, + urldate = {2024-01-20}, + abstract = {At MAX IV Laboratory, the Swedish Synchrotron Radiation (SR) facility, the largest of two rings operates at 3 GeV with a bare lattice emittance of 330 pm rad. Upgrade plans are under consideration aiming at a gradual reduction of the emittance, in three stages: a short-term with an emittance reduction of 20\% to 40\%, a mid-term with an emittance reduction of more than 50\% and a long-term with an emittance in the range of the diffraction limit for hard X-rays (10 keV). In this paper we focus on the short-term case, resuming previous work on a proposed lattice that can reach 270 pm rad emittance, with only minor modifications to the gradients of the magnets of the present ring, i.e. without any hardware changes and all within the present power supply limits. Linear lattice characterisation and calculations of key performance parameters, such as dynamic aperture and momentum aperture with errors, are described and compared to the present operating lattice. Experimental tests of injection into this lattice are also shown.}, + collaborator = {Frank (Ed.), Zimmermann and Hitoshi (Ed.), Tanaka and Porntip (Ed.), Sudmuang and Prapong (Ed.), Klysubun and Prapaiwan (Ed.), Sunwong and Thakonwat (Ed.), Chanwattana and Christine (Ed.), Petit-Jean-Genaz and R.W. (Ed.), Volker, Schaa}, + copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International}, + isbn = {9783954502271}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {Accelerator Physics,MC5: Beam Dynamics and EM Fields} +} + +@article{atkinson_current_2023, + title = {The Current Status of {{FLASH}} Particle Therapy: A Systematic Review}, + author = {Atkinson, Jake and Bezak, Eva and Le, Hien and Kempson, Ivan}, + year = {2023}, + month = may, + journal = {Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine}, + volume = {46}, + number = {2}, + pages = {529--560}, + publisher = {{Springer Science and Business Media LLC}}, + issn = {2662-4737}, + doi = {10.1007/s13246-023-01266-z} +} + +@article{battistoni_fluka_2016, + title = {The {{FLUKA Code}}: {{An Accurate Simulation Tool}} for {{Particle Therapy}}}, + shorttitle = {The {{FLUKA Code}}}, + author = {Battistoni, Giuseppe and Bauer, Julia and Boehlen, Till T. and Cerutti, Francesco and Chin, Mary P. W. and Dos Santos Augusto, Ricardo and Ferrari, Alfredo and Ortega, Pablo G. and Koz{\l}owska, Wioletta and Magro, Giuseppe and Mairani, Andrea and Parodi, Katia and Sala, Paola R. and Schoofs, Philippe and Tessonnier, Thomas and Vlachoudis, Vasilis}, + year = {2016}, + month = may, + journal = {Frontiers in Oncology}, + volume = {6}, + issn = {2234-943X}, + doi = {10.3389/fonc.2016.00116}, + urldate = {2024-01-19}, + file = {/home/mirbro/Zotero/storage/HHM2VI4I/Battistoni et al. - 2016 - The FLUKA Code An Accurate Simulation Tool for Pa.pdf} +} + +@article{borras_need_2015, + title = {The Need for Radiotherapy in {{Europe}} in 2020: {{Not}} Only Data but Also a Cancer Plan}, + author = {Borras, Josep M. and Lievens, Yolande and Grau, Cai}, + year = {2015}, + month = jul, + journal = {Acta Oncologica}, + volume = {54}, + number = {9}, + pages = {1268--1274}, + publisher = {Informa UK Limited}, + issn = {1651-226X}, + doi = {10.3109/0284186X.2015.1062139} +} + +@phdthesis{brosi_-depth_2020, + title = {In-{{Depth Analysis}} of the {{Micro-Bunching Characteristics}} in {{Single}} and {{Multi-Bunch Operation}} at {{KARA}}}, + author = {Brosi, Miriam}, + year = {2020}, + doi = {10.5445/IR/1000120018}, + langid = {english}, + school = {Karlsruher Institut f{\"u}r Technologie (KIT)}, + keywords = {main,me,phd,thesis} +} + +@article{brosi_asymmetric_2024, + title = {Asymmetric {{Influence}} of the {{Amplitude-Dependent Tune Shift}} on the {{Transverse Mode-Coupling Instability}}}, + author = {Brosi, Miriam and Cullinan, Francis and Andersson, {\AA}ke and Breunlin, Jonas and Tavares, Pedro Fernandes}, + year = {2024} +} + +@article{brosi_fast_2016, + title = {Fast Mapping of Terahertz Bursting Thresholds and Characteristics at Synchrotron Light Sources}, + author = {Brosi, Miriam and Steinmann, Johannes L. and Blomley, Edmund and Br{\"u}ndermann, Erik and Caselle, Michele and Hiller, Nicole and Kehrer, Benjamin and Mathis, Yves-Laurent and Nasse, Michael J. and Rota, Lorenzo and Schedler, Manuel and Sch{\"o}nfeldt, Patrik and Schuh, Marcel and Schwarz, Markus and Weber, Marc and M{\"u}ller, Anke-Susanne}, + year = {2016}, + month = nov, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams}, + volume = {19}, + number = {11}, + pages = {110701}, + publisher = {American Physical Society}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.19.110701}, + keywords = {main,me} +} + +@article{brosi_online_2015, + title = {Online {{Studies}} of {{THz-radiation}} in the {{Bursting Regime}} at {{ANKA}}}, + author = {Brosi, Miriam and Caselle, Michele and Hertle, Edmund and Hiller, Nicole and Kopmann, Andreas and M{\"u}ller, Anke-Susanne and Schwarz, Markus and Sch{\"o}nfeldt, Patrik and Steinmann, Johannes and Weber, Marc}, + year = {2015}, + journal = {Proceedings of the 6th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf.}, + volume = {IPAC2015}, + pages = {3 pages, 1.047 MB}, + publisher = {JACoW, Geneva, Switzerland}, + doi = {10.18429/JACOW-IPAC2015-MOPHA042}, + urldate = {2024-01-20}, + abstract = {The ANKA storage ring of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) operates in the energy range from 0.5 to 2.5 GeV and generates brilliant coherent synchrotron radiation in the THz range with a dedicated bunch length reducing optic. The producing of radiation in the so-called THz-gap is challenging, but this intense THz radiation is very attractive for certain user experiments. The high degree of compression in this so-called low-alpha optics leads to a complex longitudinal dynamics of the electron bunches. The resulting micro-bunching instability leads to time dependent fluctuations and strong bursts in the radiated THz power. The study of these fluctuations in the emitted THz radiation provides insight into the longitudinal beam dynamics. Fast THz detectors combined with KAPTURE, the dedicated KArlsruhe Pulstaking and Ultrafast Readout Electronics system developed at KIT, allow the simultaneous measurement of the radiated THz intensity for each bunch individually in a multi-bunch environment. This contribution gives an overview of the first experience gained using this setup as an online diagnostics tool.}, + collaborator = {Stuart (Ed.), Henderson and Evelyn (Ed.), Akers and Todd (Ed.), Satogata and R.W. (Ed.), Volker, Schaa}, + copyright = {CC 3.0}, + isbn = {9783954501687}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {6: Beam Instrumentation Controls Feedback and Operational Aspects,Accelerator Physics} +} + +@inproceedings{brosi_overview_2021, + title = {Overview of the {{Micro-Bunching Instability}} in {{Electron Storage Rings}} and {{Evolving Diagnostics}}}, + booktitle = {Proc. {{IPAC}}'21}, + author = {Brosi, M.}, + year = {2021}, + month = aug, + series = {International {{Particle Accelerator Conference}}}, + number = {12}, + pages = {3686--3691}, + publisher = {JACoW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland}, + issn = {2673-5490}, + doi = {10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-THXA02}, + abstract = {The micro-bunching instability is a longitudinal instability that leads to dynamical deformations of the charge distribution in the longitudinal phase space. It affects the longitudinal charge distribution, and thus the emitted coherent synchrotron radiation spectra, as well as the energy distribution of the electron bunch. Not only the threshold in the bunch current above which the instability occurs, but also the dynamics above the instability threshold strongly depends on machine parameters, e.g., natural bunch length, accelerating voltage, momentum compaction factor, and beam energy. All this makes the understanding and potential mitigation or control of the micro-bunching instability an important topic for the next generation of light sources and circular e{$^+$}/e{$^-$} colliders. This presentation will give a review on the micro-bunching instability and discuss how technological advances in the turn-by-turn and bunch-by-bunch diagnostics are leading to a deeper understanding of this intriguing phenomenon.}, + isbn = {978-3-95450-214-1}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {bunching,diagnostics,electron,invited,IPAC,main,me,operation,simulation,Talk} +} + +@inproceedings{brosi_synchronous_2019, + title = {Synchronous {{Measurements}} of {{Electron Bunches Under}} the {{Influence}} of the {{Microbunching Instability}}}, + booktitle = {Proc. {{IPAC}}'19}, + author = {Brosi, M. and Boltz, T. and Br{\"u}ndermann, E. and Funkner, S. and Kehrer, B. and M{\"u}ller, A.-S. and Nasse, M. J. and Niehues, G. and Patil, M. M. and Schreiber, P. and Sch{\"o}nfeldt, P. and Steinmann, J. L.}, + year = {2019}, + month = jun, + series = {International {{Particle Accelerator Conference}}}, + number = {10}, + pages = {3119--3122}, + publisher = {JACoW Publishing}, + address = {Geneva, Switzerland}, + doi = {10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2019-WEPTS015}, + isbn = {978-3-95450-208-0}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {bunching,IPAC,main,me,radiation,simulation,storage-ring,synchrotron} +} + +@article{brosi_systematic_2019, + title = {Systematic Studies of the Microbunching Instability at Very Low Bunch Charges}, + author = {Brosi, Miriam and Steinmann, Johannes L. and Blomley, Edmund and Boltz, Tobias and Br{\"u}ndermann, Erik and Gethmann, Julian and Kehrer, Benjamin and Mathis, Yves-Laurent and Papash, Alexander and Schedler, Manuel and Sch{\"o}nfeldt, Patrik and Schreiber, Patrick and Schuh, Marcel and Schwarz, Markus and M{\"u}ller, Anke-Susanne and Caselle, Michele and Rota, Lorenzo and Weber, Marc and Kuske, Peter}, + year = {2019}, + month = feb, + journal = {Phys. Rev. Accel. Beams}, + volume = {22}, + number = {2}, + pages = {020701}, + publisher = {American Physical Society}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.22.020701}, + keywords = {main,me} +} + +@inproceedings{brosi_time-resolved_2023, + title = {Time-Resolved Measurement and Simulation of a Longitudinal Single-Bunch Instability at the {{MAX IV}} 3 {{GeV}} Ring}, + booktitle = {Proc. {{IPAC}}'23}, + author = {Brosi, M. and Andersson, A. and Breunlin, J. and Cullinan, F. and Tavares, P.}, + year = {2023}, + month = may, + series = {14th {{International Particle Accelerator Conference}}}, + number = {14}, + pages = {2642--2645}, + publisher = {JACoW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland}, + issn = {2673-5490}, + doi = {10.18429/jacow-ipac2023-wepa020}, + isbn = {978-3-95450-231-8}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {main,me} +} + +@article{caselle_kapture-2_2017, + title = {{{KAPTURE-2}}. {{A}} Picosecond Sampling System for Individual {{THz}} Pulses with High Repetition Rate}, + author = {Caselle, M. and Perez, L. E. Ardila and Balzer, M. and Kopmann, A. and Rota, L. and Weber, M. and Brosi, M. and Steinmann, J. and Br{\"u}ndermann, E. and M{\"u}ller, A.-S.}, + year = {2017}, + month = jan, + journal = {Journal of Instrumentation}, + volume = {12}, + number = {01}, + pages = {C01040}, + publisher = {IOP Publishing}, + doi = {10.1088/1748-0221/12/01/c01040}, + abstract = {This paper presents a novel data acquisition system for continuous sampling of ultra-short pulses generated by terahertz (THz) detectors. Karlsruhe Pulse Taking Ultra-fast Readout Electronics (KAPTURE) is able to digitize pulse shapes with a sampling time down to 3 ps and pulse repetition rates up to 500 MHz. KAPTURE has been integrated as a permanent diagnostic device at ANKA and is used for investigating the emitted coherent synchrotron radiation in the THz range. A second version of KAPTURE has been developed to improve the performance and flexibility. The new version offers a better sampling accuracy for a pulse repetition rate up to 2 GHz. The higher data rate produced by the sampling system is processed in real-time by a heterogeneous FPGA and GPU architecture operating up to 6.5 GB/s continuously. Results in accelerator physics will be reported and the new design of KAPTURE be discussed.}, + keywords = {me} +} + +@book{chao_physics_1993, + title = {Physics of Collective Beam Instabilities in High-Energy Accelerators}, + author = {Chao, A. W.}, + year = {1993}, + isbn = {978-0-471-55184-3} +} + +@article{dierlamm_beam_2023, + title = {A {{Beam Monitor}} for {{Ion Beam Therapy Based}} on {{HV-CMOS Pixel Detectors}}}, + author = {Dierlamm, Alexander and Balzer, Matthias and Ehrler, Felix and Husemann, Ulrich and Koppenh{\"o}fer, Roland and Peri{\'c}, Ivan and Pittermann, Martin and Topko, Bogdan and Weber, Alena and Brons, Stephan and Debus, J{\"u}rgen and Grau, Nicole and Hansmann, Thomas and J{\"a}kel, Oliver and Kl{\"u}ter, Sebastian and Naumann, Jakob}, + year = {2023}, + month = feb, + journal = {Instruments}, + volume = {7}, + number = {1}, + pages = {9}, + issn = {2410-390X}, + doi = {10.3390/instruments7010009}, + urldate = {2024-01-19}, + abstract = {Particle therapy is a well established clinical treatment of tumors. More than one hundred particle therapy centers are in operation world-wide. The advantage of using hadrons like protons or carbon ions as particles for tumor irradiation is the distinct peak in the depth-dependent energy deposition, which can be exploited to accurately deposit doses in the tumor cells. To guarantee this, high accuracy in monitoring and control of the particle beam is of the utmost importance. Before the particle beam enters the patient, it traverses a monitoring system which has to give fast feedback to the beam control system on position and dose rate of the beam while minimally interacting with the beam. The multi-wire chambers mostly used as beam position monitors have their limitations when a fast response time is required (drift time). Future developments such as MRI-guided ion beam therapy pose additional challenges for the beam monitoring system, such as tolerance of magnetic fields and acoustic noise (vibrations). Solid-state detectors promise to overcome these limitations and the higher resolution they offer can create additional benefits. This article presents the evaluation of an HV-CMOS detector for beam monitoring, provides results from feasibility studies in a therapeutic beam, and summarizes the concepts towards the final large-scale assembly and readout system.}, + langid = {english}, + file = {/home/mirbro/Zotero/storage/ZEACX73G/Dierlamm et al. - 2023 - A Beam Monitor for Ion Beam Therapy Based on HV-CM.pdf} +} + +@misc{european_synchrotron_radiation_facility_esrf_nodate, + title = {{{ESRF}}: {{Microbeam Radiation Therapy}} ({{MRT}})}, + author = {{European Synchrotron Radiation Facility}}, + url = {https://www.esrf.fr/home/UsersAndScience/Experiments/CBS/ID17/mrt-1.html} +} + +@article{faillace_perspectives_2022, + title = {Perspectives in Linear Accelerator for {{FLASH VHEE}}: {{Study}} of a Compact {{C-band}} System}, + author = {Faillace, L. and Alesini, D. and Bisogni, G. and Bosco, F. and Carillo, M. and Cirrone, P. and Cuttone, G. and De Arcangelis, D. and De Gregorio, A. and Di Martino, F. and Favaudon, V. and Ficcadenti, L. and Francescone, D. and Franciosini, G. and Gallo, A. and Heinrich, S. and Migliorati, M. and Mostacci, A. and Palumbo, L. and Patera, V. and Patriarca, A. and Pensavalle, J. and Perondi, F. and Remetti, R. and Sarti, A. and Spataro, B. and Torrisi, G. and Vannozzi, A. and Giuliano, L.}, + year = {2022}, + month = dec, + journal = {Physica Medica}, + volume = {104}, + pages = {149--159}, + publisher = {Elsevier BV}, + issn = {1120-1797}, + doi = {10.1016/j.ejmp.2022.10.018} +} + +@article{farr_ultrahigh_2022, + title = {Ultra-high Dose Rate Radiation Production and Delivery Systems Intended for {{FLASH}}}, + author = {Farr, Jonathan and Grilj, Veljko and Malka, Victor and Sudharsan, Srinivasan and Schippers, Marco}, + year = {2022}, + month = jul, + journal = {Medical Physics}, + volume = {49}, + number = {7}, + pages = {4875--4911}, + issn = {0094-2405, 2473-4209}, + doi = {10.1002/mp.15659}, + urldate = {2024-01-20}, + abstract = {Abstract Higher dose rates, a trend for radiotherapy machines, can be beneficial in shortening treatment times for radiosurgery and mitigating the effects of motion. Recently, even higher doses (e.g., 100 times greater) have become targeted because of their potential to generate the FLASH effect (FE). We refer to these physical dose rates as ultra-high (UHDR). The complete relationship between UHDR and the FE is unknown. But UHDR systems are needed to explore the relationship further and to deliver clinical UHDR treatments, where indicated. Despite the challenging set of unknowns, the authors seek to make reasonable assumptions to probe how existing and developing technology can address the UHDR conditions needed to provide beam generation capable of producing the FE in preclinical and clinical applications. As a preface, this paper discusses the known and unknown relationships between UHDR and the FE. Based on these, different accelerator and ionizing radiation types are then discussed regarding the relevant UHDR needs. The details of UHDR beam production are discussed for existing and potential future systems such as linacs, cyclotrons, synchrotrons, synchrocyclotrons, and laser accelerators. In addition, various UHDR delivery mechanisms are discussed, along with required developments in beam diagnostics and dose control systems.}, + langid = {english}, + file = {/home/mirbro/Zotero/storage/Y6BKNBHY/Farr et al. - 2022 - Ultra‐high dose rate radiation production and deli.pdf} +} + +@article{feist_measurement_1989, + title = {Measurement of the Total Stopping Power of 5.3 {{MeV}} Electrons in Polystyrene by Means of Electron Beam Absorption in Ferrous Sulphate Solution}, + author = {Feist, H. and Muller, U.}, + year = {1989}, + month = dec, + journal = {Physics in Medicine \& Biology}, + volume = {34}, + number = {12}, + pages = {1863}, + doi = {10.1088/0031-9155/34/12/009}, + abstract = {Describes how an experimental arrangement for the calibration of Fricke solution in terms of absorbed dose to water can be utilised to determine total, i.e. collisional and radiative, mass stopping power of high-energy electrons. As a first result the measurement of the total mass stopping power of polystyrene at about 5.3 MeV kinetic electron energy is presented in detail. Comparison of the obtained value with the corresponding result of recent theoretical computations shows agreement within the measurement uncertainty of about 1.2\% (SD).} +} + +@article{fuchs_plasma-based_2024, + title = {Plasma-Based Particle Sources}, + author = {Fuchs, M. and Andonian, G. and Apsimon, O. and B{\"u}scher, M. and Downer, M.C. and Filippetto, D. and Lehrach, A. and Schroeder, C.B. and Shadwick, B.A. and Thomas, A.G.R. and {Vafaei-Najafabadi}, N. and Xia, G.}, + year = {2024}, + month = jan, + journal = {Journal of Instrumentation}, + volume = {19}, + number = {01}, + pages = {T01004}, + issn = {1748-0221}, + doi = {10.1088/1748-0221/19/01/T01004}, + urldate = {2024-01-20}, + abstract = {Abstract High-brightness particle beams generated by advanced accelerator concepts have the potential to become an essential part of future accelerator technology. In particular, high-gradient accelerators can generate and rapidly accelerate particle beams to relativistic energies. The rapid acceleration and strong confining fields can minimize irreversible detrimental effects to the beam brightness that occur at low beam energies, such as emittance growth or pulse elongation caused by space charge forces. Due to the high accelerating gradients, these novel accelerators are also significantly more compact than conventional technology. Advanced accelerators can be extremely variable and are capable of generating particle beams with vastly different properties using the same driver and setup with only modest changes to the interaction parameters. So far, efforts have mainly been focused on the generation of electron beams, but there are concepts to extend the sources to generate spin-polarized electron beams or positron beams. The beam parameters of these particle sources are largely determined by the injection and subsequent acceleration processes. Although, over the last decade there has been significant progress, the sources are still lacking a sufficiently high 6-dimensional (D) phase-space density that includes small transverse emittance, small energy spread and high charge, and operation at high repetition rate. This is required for future particle colliders with a sufficiently high luminosity or for more near-term applications, such as enabling the operation of free-electron lasers (FELs) in the X-ray regime. Major research and development efforts are required to address these limitations in order to realize these approaches for a front-end injector for a future collider or next-generation light sources. In particular, this includes methods to control and manipulate the phase-space and spin degrees-of-freedom of ultrashort plasma-based electron bunches with high accuracy, and methods that increase efficiency and repetition rate. These efforts also include the development of high-resolution diagnostics, such as full 6D phase-space measurements, beam polarimetry and high-fidelity simulation tools. A further increase in beam luminosity can be achieve through emittance damping. Emittance cooling via the emission of synchrotron radiation using current technology requires kilometer-scale damping rings. For future colliders, the damping rings might be replaced by a substantially more compact plasma-based approach. Here, plasma wigglers with significantly stronger magnetic fields are used instead of permanent-magnet based wigglers to achieve similar damping performance but over a two orders of magnitude reduced length.}, + file = {/home/mirbro/Zotero/storage/BCQ9PG45/Fuchs et al. - 2024 - Plasma-based particle sources.pdf} +} + +@article{fukunaga_brief_2021, + title = {A {{Brief Overview}} of the {{Preclinical}} and {{Clinical Radiobiology}} of {{Microbeam Radiotherapy}}}, + author = {Fukunaga, H. and Butterworth, K.T. and McMahon, S.J. and Prise, K.M.}, + year = {2021}, + month = nov, + journal = {Clinical Oncology}, + volume = {33}, + number = {11}, + pages = {705--712}, + issn = {09366555}, + doi = {10.1016/j.clon.2021.08.011}, + urldate = {2024-01-17}, + langid = {english}, + file = {/home/mirbro/Zotero/storage/BWNX9T8U/Fukunaga et al. - 2021 - A Brief Overview of the Preclinical and Clinical R.pdf} +} + +@article{fukunaga_brief_2021-1, + title = {A {{Brief Overview}} of the {{Preclinical}} and {{Clinical Radiobiology}} of {{Microbeam Radiotherapy}}}, + author = {Fukunaga, H. and Butterworth, K.T. and McMahon, S.J. and Prise, K.M.}, + year = {2021}, + month = nov, + journal = {Clinical Oncology}, + volume = {33}, + number = {11}, + pages = {705--712}, + publisher = {Elsevier BV}, + issn = {0936-6555}, + doi = {10.1016/j.clon.2021.08.011} +} + +@inproceedings{gamelin_mbtrack2_2021, + title = {Mbtrack2, a {{Collective Effect Library}} in {{Python}}}, + booktitle = {Proc. {{IPAC}}'21}, + author = {Gamelin, A. and Foosang, W. and Nagaoka, R.}, + year = {2021}, + month = aug, + series = {International {{Particle Accelerator Conference}}}, + number = {12}, + pages = {282--285}, + publisher = {JACoW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland}, + issn = {2673-5490}, + doi = {10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB070}, + abstract = {This article introduces mbtrack2, a collective effect library written in python3. The idea behind mbtrack2 is to build a coherent object-oriented framework to work on collective effects in synchrotrons. mbtrack2 is composed of different modules allowing to easily write scripts for single bunch or multi-bunch tracking using MPI parallelization in a transparent way. The base of the tracking model of mbtrack2 is inspired by mbtrack, a C multi-bunch tracking code initially developed at SOLEIL*. In addition, many tools to prepare or analyse tracking simulations are included.}, + isbn = {978-3-95450-214-1}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {cavity,collective-effects,impedance,simulation,synchrotron} +} + +@article{girst_improved_2015, + title = {Improved Normal Tissue Protection by Proton and {{X-ray}} Microchannels Compared to Homogeneous Field Irradiation}, + author = {Girst, S. and Marx, C. and {Br{\"a}uer-Krisch}, E. and Bravin, A. and Bartzsch, S. and Oelfke, U. and Greubel, C. and Reindl, J. and Siebenwirth, C. and Zlobinskaya, O. and Multhoff, G. and Dollinger, G. and Schmid, T.E. and Wilkens, J.J.}, + year = {2015}, + month = sep, + journal = {Physica Medica}, + volume = {31}, + number = {6}, + pages = {615--620}, + issn = {11201797}, + doi = {10.1016/j.ejmp.2015.04.004}, + urldate = {2024-01-17}, + langid = {english}, + file = {/home/mirbro/Zotero/storage/X6WAWSEF/Girst et al. - 2015 - Improved normal tissue protection by proton and X-.pdf} +} + +@incollection{kawrakow_egsnrc_2001, + title = {The {{EGSnrc System}}, a {{Status Report}}}, + booktitle = {Advanced {{Monte Carlo}} for {{Radiation Physics}}, {{Particle Transport Simulation}} and {{Applications}}}, + author = {Kawrakow, I. and Rogers, D. W. O.}, + year = {2001}, + pages = {135--140}, + publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg}, + address = {Berlin, Heidelberg}, + doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-18211-2_23}, + urldate = {2024-01-19}, + isbn = {978-3-642-62113-0 978-3-642-18211-2}, + langid = {english} +} + +@phdthesis{konradsson_radiotherapy_2023, + title = {Radiotherapy in a {{FLASH}}: {{Towards}} Clinical Translation of Ultra-High Dose Rate Electron Therapy}, + author = {Konradsson, Elise}, + year = {2023}, + school = {Lund University} +} + +@article{kranzer_response_2022, + title = {Response of Diamond Detectors in Ultra-High Dose-per-Pulse Electron Beams for Dosimetry at {{FLASH}} Radiotherapy}, + author = {Kranzer, R and Sch{\"u}ller, A and Bourgouin, A and Hackel, T and Poppinga, D and Lapp, M and Looe, H K and Poppe, B}, + year = {2022}, + month = apr, + journal = {Physics in Medicine \& Biology}, + volume = {67}, + number = {7}, + pages = {075002}, + issn = {0031-9155, 1361-6560}, + doi = {10.1088/1361-6560/ac594e}, + urldate = {2024-01-17}, + abstract = {Abstract Objective. With increasing investigation of the so-called FLASH effect, the need for accurate real time dosimetry for ultra-high dose rates is also growing. Considering the ultra-high dose-per-pulse (DPP) necessary to produce the ultra-high dose rates for investigations of the FLASH effect, real time dosimetry is a major challenge. In particular, vented ionization chambers, as used for dosimetry in conventional radiotherapy, show significant deviations from linearity with increasing DPP. This is due to recombination losses in the sensitive air volume. Solid state detectors could be an alternative. Due to their good stability of the response with regard to the accumulated dose, diamond detectors such as the microDiamond could be suitable here. The aims of this work are to investigate the response of microDiamond and adapted microDiamond prototypes in ultra-high DPP electron beams, to understand the underlying effects and to draw conclusions for further detector developments. Approach. For the study, an electron beam with a DPP up to 6.5 Gy and a pulse duration of 2.5 {$\mu$} s was used to fulfill the conditions under which the FLASH effect was observed. As a dose rate-independent reference, alanine dosimeters were used. Main Results. It has been shown that the commercially available microDiamond detectors have limitations in terms of linearity at ultra-high DPP. But this is not an intrinsic limitation of the detector principle. The deviations from linearity were correlated with the series resistance and the sensitivity. It could be shown that the linear range can be extended towards ultra-high DPP range by reducing the sensitivity in combination with a low series resistance of the detectors. Significance. The work shows that synthetic single crystal diamond detectors working as Schottky photodiodes are in principle suitable for FLASH-RT dosimetry at electron linear accelerators.}, + file = {/home/mirbro/Zotero/storage/6FICWXHL/Kranzer et al. - 2022 - Response of diamond detectors in ultra-high dose-p.pdf} +} + +@article{kranzer_response_2022-1, + title = {Response of Diamond Detectors in Ultra-High Dose-per-Pulse Electron Beams for Dosimetry at {{FLASH}} Radiotherapy}, + author = {Kranzer, R and Sch{\"u}ller, A and Bourgouin, A and Hackel, T and Poppinga, D and Lapp, M and Looe, H K and Poppe, B}, + year = {2022}, + month = mar, + journal = {Physics in Medicine \& Biology}, + volume = {67}, + number = {7}, + pages = {075002}, + publisher = {IOP Publishing}, + issn = {1361-6560}, + doi = {10.1088/1361-6560/ac594e} +} + +@article{kudchadker_electron_2002, + title = {Electron Conformal Radiotherapy Using Bolus and Intensity Modulation}, + author = {Kudchadker, Rajat J and Hogstrom, Kenneth R and Garden, Adam S and McNeese, Marsha D and Boyd, Robert A and Antolak, John A}, + year = {2002}, + month = jul, + journal = {International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics}, + volume = {53}, + number = {4}, + pages = {1023--1037}, + issn = {03603016}, + doi = {10.1016/S0360-3016(02)02811-0}, + urldate = {2024-01-20}, + langid = {english} +} + +@article{kusch_kit-rt_2022, + title = {{{KiT-RT}}: {{An}} Extendable Framework for Radiative Transfer and Therapy}, + shorttitle = {{{KiT-RT}}}, + author = {Kusch, Jonas and Schotth{\"o}fer, Steffen and Stammer, Pia and Wolters, Jannick and Xiao, Tianbai}, + year = {2022}, + publisher = {arXiv}, + doi = {10.48550/ARXIV.2205.08417}, + urldate = {2024-01-20}, + abstract = {In this paper we present KiT-RT (Kinetic Transport Solver for Radiation Therapy), an open-source C++ based framework for solving kinetic equations in radiation therapy applications. The aim of this code framework is to provide a collection of classical deterministic solvers for unstructured meshes that allow for easy extendability. Therefore, KiT-RT is a convenient base to test new numerical methods in various applications and compare them against conventional solvers. The implementation includes spherical-harmonics, minimal entropy, neural minimal entropy and discrete ordinates methods. Solution characteristics and efficiency are presented through several test cases ranging from radiation transport to electron radiation therapy. Due to the variety of included numerical methods and easy extendability, the presented open source code is attractive for both developers, who want a basis to build their own numerical solvers and users or application engineers, who want to gain experimental insights without directly interfering with the codebase.}, + copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International}, + keywords = {65M08,FOS: Computer and information sciences,FOS: Physical sciences,G.4; J.2,Mathematical Software (cs.MS),Medical Physics (physics.med-ph)} +} + +@article{kusch_kit-rt_2023, + title = {{{KiT-RT}}: {{An Extendable Framework}} for {{Radiative Transfer}} and {{Therapy}}}, + shorttitle = {{{KiT-RT}}}, + author = {Kusch, Jonas and Schotth{\"o}fer, Steffen and Stammer, Pia and Wolters, Jannick and Xiao, Tianbai}, + year = {2023}, + month = dec, + journal = {ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software}, + volume = {49}, + number = {4}, + pages = {1--24}, + issn = {0098-3500, 1557-7295}, + doi = {10.1145/3630001}, + urldate = {2024-01-20}, + abstract = {In this article, we present Kinetic Transport Solver for Radiation Therapy (KiT-RT), an open source C++-based framework for solving kinetic equations in therapy applications available at~ https://github.com/CSMMLab/KiT-RT . This software framework aims to provide a collection of classical deterministic solvers for unstructured meshes that allow for easy extendability. Therefore, KiT-RT is a convenient base to test new numerical methods in various applications and compare them against conventional solvers. The implementation includes spherical harmonics, minimal entropy, neural minimal entropy, and discrete ordinates methods. Solution characteristics and efficiency are presented through several test cases ranging from radiation transport to electron radiation therapy. Due to the variety of included numerical methods and easy extendability, the presented open source code is attractive for both developers, who want a basis to build their numerical solvers, and users or application engineers, who want to gain experimental insights without directly interfering with the codebase.}, + langid = {english}, + file = {/home/mirbro/Zotero/storage/MAWAAT7D/Kusch et al. - 2023 - KiT-RT An Extendable Framework for Radiative Tran.pdf} +} + +@article{meigooni_dosimetric_2002, + title = {Dosimetric Characteristics with Spatial Fractionation Using Electron Grid Therapy}, + author = {Meigooni, A.S and Parker, S.A and Zheng, J and Kalbaugh, K.J and Regine, W.F and Mohiuddin, M}, + year = {2002}, + month = mar, + journal = {Medical Dosimetry}, + volume = {27}, + number = {1}, + pages = {37--42}, + issn = {09583947}, + doi = {10.1016/S0958-3947(02)00086-9}, + urldate = {2024-01-17}, + langid = {english} +} + +@article{metzkes-ng_dresden_2023, + title = {The Dresden Platform Is a Research Hub for Ultra-High Dose Rate Radiobiology}, + author = {{Metzkes-Ng}, Josefine and Brack, Florian-Emanuel and Kroll, Florian and Bernert, Constantin and Bock, Stefan and Bodenstein, Elisabeth and Brand, Michael and Cowan, Thomas E. and Gebhardt, Ren{\'e} and Hans, Stefan and Helbig, Uwe and Horst, Felix and Jansen, Jeannette and Kraft, Stephan D. and Krause, Mechthild and Le{\ss}mann, Elisabeth and L{\"o}ck, Steffen and Pawelke, J{\"o}rg and P{\"u}schel, Thomas and Reimold, Marvin and Rehwald, Martin and Richter, Christian and Schlenvoigt, Hans-Peter and Schramm, Ulrich and Sch{\"u}rer, Michael and Seco, Joao and Szab{\'o}, Em{\'i}lia Rita and Umlandt, Marvin E. P. and Zeil, Karl and Ziegler, Tim and Beyreuther, Elke}, + year = {2023}, + month = nov, + journal = {Scientific Reports}, + volume = {13}, + number = {1}, + pages = {20611}, + issn = {2045-2322}, + doi = {10.1038/s41598-023-46873-8}, + urldate = {2024-01-28}, + abstract = {Abstract The recently observed FLASH effect describes the observation of normal tissue protection by ultra-high dose rates (UHDR), or dose delivery in a fraction of a second, at similar tumor-killing efficacy of conventional dose delivery and promises great benefits for radiotherapy patients. Dedicated studies are now necessary to define a robust set of dose application parameters for FLASH radiotherapy and to identify underlying mechanisms. These studies require particle accelerators with variable temporal dose application characteristics for numerous radiation qualities, equipped for preclinical radiobiological research. Here we present the dresden platform , a research hub for ultra-high dose rate radiobiology. By uniting clinical and research accelerators with radiobiology infrastructure and know-how, the dresden platform offers a unique environment for studying the FLASH effect. We introduce its experimental capabilities and demonstrate the platform's suitability for systematic investigation of FLASH by presenting results from a concerted in vivo radiobiology study with zebrafish embryos. The comparative pre-clinical study was conducted across one electron and two proton accelerator facilities, including an advanced laser-driven proton source applied for FLASH-relevant in vivo irradiations for the first time. The data show a protective effect of UHDR irradiation up to \$\$10\^{}\{5\}{\textbackslash}text\{Gy\}/{\textbackslash}text\{s\}\$\$ 10 5 Gy / s and suggests consistency of the protective effect even at escalated dose rates of \$\$10\^{}9{\textbackslash}text\{Gy\}/{\textbackslash}text\{s\}\$\$ 10 9 Gy / s . With the first clinical FLASH studies underway, research facilities like the dresden platform , addressing the open questions surrounding FLASH, are essential to accelerate FLASH's translation into clinical practice.}, + langid = {english}, + file = {/home/mirbro/Zotero/storage/EM3P3VUD/Metzkes-Ng et al. - 2023 - The dresden platform is a research hub for ultra-h.pdf} +} + +@techreport{muller_description_2001, + title = {Description of Beam-Matter Interaction in the Covariance Matrix Formalism: {{Application}} to {{Modification}} of {{Emittance}} and {{Twiss Parameters}} -}, + author = {M{\"u}ller, A-S}, + year = {2001}, + address = {Geneva}, + institution = {CERN} +} + +@article{nabinger_transverse_2022, + title = {Transverse and {{Longitudinal Modulation}} of {{Photoinjection Pulses}} at {{FLUTE}}}, + author = {Nabinger, Matthias and M{\"u}ller, Anke-Susanne and Nasse, Michael and Sax, Carl and Sch{\"a}fer, Jens and Widmann, Christina and Xu, Chenran}, + year = {2022}, + journal = {Proceedings of the 13th International Particle Accelerator Conference}, + volume = {IPAC2022}, + pages = {4 pages, 2.948 MB}, + publisher = {JACoW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland}, + issn = {2673-5490}, + doi = {10.18429/JACOW-IPAC2022-TUPOPT068}, + urldate = {2024-01-20}, + abstract = {To generate the electrons to be accelerated, a photoinjection laser is used at the linac-based test facility FLUTE (Ferninfrarot Linac- Und Test Experiment) at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT). The properties of the laser pulse, such as intensity, laser spot size or temporal profile, are the first parameters to influence the characteristics of the electron bunches. In order to control the initial parameters of the electrons in the most flexible way possible, the laser optics at FLUTE are therefore supplemented by additional setups that allow transverse and longitudinal laser pulse shaping by using so-called Spatial Light Modulators (SLMs). In the future, the control of the SLMs will be integrated into a Machine Learning (ML) supported feedback system for the optimization of the electron bunch properties. In this contribution the first test experiments and results on laser pulse shaping at FLUTE on the way to this project are presented.}, + collaborator = {Frank (Ed.), Zimmermann and Hitoshi (Ed.), Tanaka and Porntip (Ed.), Sudmuang and Prapong (Ed.), Klysubun and Prapaiwan (Ed.), Sunwong and Thakonwat (Ed.), Chanwattana and Christine (Ed.), Petit-Jean-Genaz and R.W. (Ed.), Volker, Schaa}, + copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International}, + isbn = {9783954502271}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {Accelerator Physics,MC6: Beam Instrumentation Controls Feedback and Operational Aspects} +} + +@article{nasse_flute_2013, + title = {{{FLUTE}}: {{A}} Versatile Linac-Based {{THz}} Source}, + shorttitle = {{{FLUTE}}}, + author = {Nasse, M. J. and Schuh, M. and Naknaimueang, S. and Schwarz, M. and Plech, A. and Mathis, Y.-L. and Rossmanith, R. and Wesolowski, P. and Huttel, E. and Schmelling, M. and M{\"u}ller, A.-S.}, + year = {2013}, + month = feb, + journal = {Review of Scientific Instruments}, + volume = {84}, + number = {2}, + pages = {022705}, + issn = {0034-6748, 1089-7623}, + doi = {10.1063/1.4790431}, + urldate = {2024-04-12}, + abstract = {A new compact versatile linear accelerator named FLUTE is currently being designed at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. This paper presents the status of this 42 MeV machine. It will be used to generate strong (several 100 MV/m) ultra-short ({$\sim$}1 ps) THz pulses (up to {$\sim$}4--25 THz) for photon science experiments, as well as to conduct a variety of accelerator studies. The latter range from comparing different coherent THz radiation generation schemes to compressing electron bunches and studying the electron beam stability. The bunch charge will cover a wide range ({$\sim$}100 pC--3 nC). Later we plan to also produce ultra-short x-ray pulses from the electron bunches, which, for example, could then be combined for THz pump--x-ray probe experiments.}, + langid = {english} +} + +@article{nevay_bdsim_2020, + title = {{{BDSIM}}: {{An}} Accelerator Tracking Code with Particle--Matter Interactions}, + shorttitle = {{{BDSIM}}}, + author = {Nevay, L.J. and Boogert, S.T. and Snuverink, J. and Abramov, A. and Deacon, L.C. and {Garcia-Morales}, H. and Lefebvre, H. and Gibson, S.M. and {Kwee-Hinzmann}, R. and Shields, W. and Walker, S.D.}, + year = {2020}, + month = jul, + journal = {Computer Physics Communications}, + volume = {252}, + pages = {107200}, + issn = {00104655}, + doi = {10.1016/j.cpc.2020.107200}, + urldate = {2024-01-19}, + langid = {english}, + file = {/home/mirbro/Zotero/storage/NTN3NC2G/Nevay et al. - 2020 - BDSIM An accelerator tracking code with particle–.pdf} +} + +@article{petersson_high_2017, + title = {High Dose-per-pulse Electron Beam Dosimetry --- {{A}} Model to Correct for the Ion Recombination in the {{Advanced Markus}} Ionization Chamber}, + author = {Petersson, Kristoffer and Jaccard, Maud and Germond, Jean-Fran{\c c}ois and Buchillier, Thierry and Bochud, Fran{\c c}ois and Bourhis, Jean and Vozenin, Marie-Catherine and Bailat, Claude}, + year = {2017}, + month = feb, + journal = {Medical Physics}, + volume = {44}, + number = {3}, + pages = {1157--1167}, + publisher = {Wiley}, + issn = {2473-4209}, + doi = {10.1002/mp.12111} +} + +@inproceedings{reisig_development_2022, + title = {Development of an {{Electro-Optical Longitudinal Bunch Profile Monitor}} at {{KARA Towards}} a {{Beam Diagnostics Tool}} for {{FCC-ee}}}, + booktitle = {Proc. {{IPAC}}'22}, + author = {Rei{\ss}ig, M. and Brosi, M. and Br{\"u}ndermann, E. and Funkner, S. and H{\"a}rer, B. and M{\"u}ller, A.-S. and Niehues, G. and Patil, M. M. and Ruprecht, R. and Widmann, C.}, + year = {2022}, + month = jul, + series = {International {{Particle Accelerator Conference}}}, + number = {13}, + pages = {296--299}, + publisher = {JACoW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland}, + issn = {2673-5490}, + doi = {10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOPT025}, + abstract = {The Karlsruhe Research Accelerator (KARA) at KIT features an electro-optical (EO) near-field diagnostics setup to conduct turn-by-turn longitudinal bunch profile measurements in the storage ring using electro-optical spectral decoding (EOSD). Within the Future Circular Collider Innovation Study (FCCIS) an EO monitor using the same technique is being conceived to measure the longitudinal profile and center-of-charge of the bunches in the future electron-positron collider FCC-ee. This contribution provides an overview of the EO near-field diagnostics at KARA and discusses the development and its challenges towards an effective beam diagnostics concept for the FCC-ee.}, + isbn = {978-3-95450-227-1}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {collider,electron,laser,me,operation,polarization} +} + +@article{romano_ultrahigh_2022, + title = {Ultra-high Dose Rate Dosimetry: {{Challenges}} and Opportunities for {{FLASH}} Radiation Therapy}, + shorttitle = {Ultra-high Dose Rate Dosimetry}, + author = {Romano, Francesco and Bailat, Claude and Jorge, Patrik Gon{\c c}alves and Lerch, Michael Lloyd Franz and Darafsheh, Arash}, + year = {2022}, + month = jul, + journal = {Medical Physics}, + volume = {49}, + number = {7}, + pages = {4912--4932}, + issn = {0094-2405, 2473-4209}, + doi = {10.1002/mp.15649}, + urldate = {2024-01-17}, + abstract = {Abstract The clinical translation of FLASH radiotherapy (RT) requires challenges related to dosimetry and beam monitoring of ultra-high dose rate (UHDR) beams to be addressed. Detectors currently in use suffer from saturation effects under UHDR regimes, requiring the introduction of correction factors. There is significant interest from the scientific community to identify the most reliable solutions and suitable experimental approaches for UHDR dosimetry. This interest is manifested through the increasing number of national and international projects recently proposed concerning UHDR dosimetry. Attaining the desired solutions and approaches requires further optimization of already established technologies as well as the investigation of novel radiation detection and dosimetry methods. New knowledge will also emerge to fill the gap in terms of validated protocols, assessing new dosimetric procedures and standardized methods. In this paper, we discuss the main challenges coming from the peculiar beam parameters characterizing UHDR beams for FLASH RT. These challenges vary considerably depending on the accelerator type and technique used to produce the relevant UHDR radiation environment. We also introduce some general considerations on how the different time structure in the production of the radiation beams, as well as the dose and dose-rate per pulse, can affect the detector response. Finally, we discuss the requirements that must characterize any proposed dosimeters for use in UDHR radiation environments. A detailed status of the current technology is provided, with the aim of discussing the detector features and their performance characteristics and/or limitations in UHDR regimes. We report on further developments for established detectors and novel approaches currently under investigation with a view to predict future directions in terms of dosimetry approaches, practical procedures, and protocols. Due to several on-going detector and dosimetry developments associated with UHDR radiation environment for FLASH RT it is not possible to provide a simple list of recommendations for the most suitable detectors for FLASH RT dosimetry. However, this article does provide the reader with a detailed description of the most up-to-date dosimetric approaches, and describes the behavior of the detectors operated under UHDR irradiation conditions and offers expert discussion on the current challenges which we believe are important and still need to be addressed in the clinical translation of FLASH RT.}, + langid = {english}, + file = {/home/mirbro/Zotero/storage/AIPE7PS6/Romano et al. - 2022 - Ultra‐high dose rate dosimetry Challenges and opp.pdf} +} + +@article{schonfeldt_parallelized_2017, + title = {Parallelized {{Vlasov-Fokker-Planck}} Solver for Desktop Personal Computers}, + author = {Sch{\"o}nfeldt, Patrik and Brosi, Miriam and Schwarz, Markus and Steinmann, Johannes L. and M{\"u}ller, Anke-Susanne}, + year = {2017}, + month = mar, + journal = {Physical Review Accelerators and Beams}, + volume = {20}, + number = {3}, + pages = {030704}, + issn = {2469-9888}, + doi = {10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.20.030704}, + urldate = {2024-01-19}, + langid = {english}, + file = {/home/mirbro/Zotero/storage/5QNM8XC7/Schönfeldt et al. - 2017 - Parallelized Vlasov-Fokker-Planck solver for deskt.pdf} +} + +@article{schuller_european_2020, + title = {The {{European Joint Research Project UHDpulse}} -- {{Metrology}} for Advanced Radiotherapy Using Particle Beams with Ultra-High Pulse Dose Rates}, + author = {Sch{\"u}ller, Andreas and Heinrich, Sophie and Fouillade, Charles and Subiel, Anna and De Marzi, Ludovic and Romano, Francesco and Peier, Peter and Trachsel, Maria and Fleta, Celeste and Kranzer, Rafael and Caresana, Marco and Salvador, Samuel and Busold, Simon and Sch{\"o}nfeld, Andreas and McEwen, Malcolm and Gomez, Faustino and Solc, Jaroslav and Bailat, Claude and Linhart, Vladimir and Jakubek, Jan and Pawelke, J{\"o}rg and Borghesi, Marco and Kapsch, Ralf-Peter and Knyziak, Adrian and Boso, Alberto and Olsovcova, Veronika and Kottler, Christian and Poppinga, Daniela and Ambrozova, Iva and Schmitzer, Claus-Stefan and Rossomme, Severine and Vozenin, Marie-Catherine}, + year = {2020}, + month = dec, + journal = {Physica Medica}, + volume = {80}, + pages = {134--150}, + publisher = {Elsevier BV}, + issn = {1120-1797}, + doi = {10.1016/j.ejmp.2020.09.020} +} + +@article{seuntjens_photon_2009, + title = {Photon Absorbed Dose Standards}, + author = {Seuntjens, Jan and Duane, Simon}, + year = {2009}, + month = mar, + journal = {Metrologia}, + volume = {46}, + number = {2}, + pages = {S39}, + doi = {10.1088/0026-1394/46/2/S04}, + abstract = {In this review the current status of absorbed dose to water standards for high-energy photon beams (60Co---50 MV nominal accelerating potential) is discussed. The review is focused on calorimeter-based absorbed dose standards for photon radiation therapy calibrations with typical dose rates of a few gray per minute. In addition, two alternative types of absorbed dose standards are also discussed. The overall uncertainty on measured dose to water in static reference fields is nowadays on the order of 0.4\% to 0.5\%. The components contributing to the uncertainty budgets are discussed. The discussed absorbed dose to water standards are expected to continue to have their place not only in the dissemination of absorbed dose to water but also in the determination of beam quality conversion factors essential in reference dosimetry in high-energy photon beams.} +} + +@article{tavares_status_2019, + title = {Status of the {{MAX IV Accelerators}}}, + author = {Tavares, Pedro and {Al-Dmour}, Eshraq and Andersson, {\AA}ke and Breunlin, Jonas and Cullinan, Francis and Mansten, Erik and Molloy, Stephen and Olsson, David and Olsson, David and Sj{\"o}str{\"o}m, Magnus and Thorin, Sara}, + year = {2019}, + journal = {Proceedings of the 10th Int. Particle Accelerator Conf.}, + volume = {IPAC2019}, + pages = {6 pages, 1.033 MB}, + publisher = {JACoW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland}, + doi = {10.18429/JACOW-IPAC2019-TUYPLM3}, + urldate = {2024-01-20}, + abstract = {The MAX IV facility in Lund, Sweden, consists of three electron accelerators and their respective synchrotron radiation beamlines: a 3 GeV ring, which is the first implementation worldwide of a multi-bend achromat lattice, a 1.5 GeV ring optimized for soft X-Rays and UV radiation production and a 3 GeV linear accelerator that acts as a full-energy injector into both rings and provides electron pulses as short as 100 fs that produce X-rays by spontaneous emission in the undulators of the short-pulse facility (SPF). In this paper, we review the latest achieved accelerator performance and operational results.}, + collaborator = {Mark (Ed.), Boland and Hitoshi (Ed.), Tanaka and David (Ed.), Button and Rohan (Ed.), Dowd and RW (Ed.), Volker, Schaa and Eugene (Ed.), Tan}, + copyright = {CC 3.0}, + isbn = {9783954502080}, + langid = {english}, + keywords = {Accelerator Physics,MC2: Photon Sources and Electron Accelerators} +} + +@article{thariat_past_2013, + title = {Past, Present, and Future of Radiotherapy for the Benefit of Patients}, + author = {Thariat, Juliette and {Hannoun-Levi}, Jean-Michel and Sun Myint, Arthur and Vuong, Te and G{\'e}rard, Jean-Pierre}, + year = {2013}, + month = jan, + journal = {Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology}, + volume = {10}, + number = {1}, + pages = {52--60}, + issn = {1759-4774, 1759-4782}, + doi = {10.1038/nrclinonc.2012.203}, + urldate = {2024-01-19}, + langid = {english} +} + +@misc{the_hdf_group_hierarchical_1997, + title = {Hierarchical {{Data Format}}, Version 5}, + author = {{The HDF Group}}, + year = {1997}, + howpublished = {https://www.hdfgroup.org/HDF5/} +} + +@article{vozenin_towards_2022, + title = {Towards Clinical Translation of {{FLASH}} Radiotherapy}, + author = {Vozenin, Marie-Catherine and Bourhis, Jean and Durante, Marco}, + year = {2022}, + month = dec, + journal = {Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology}, + volume = {19}, + number = {12}, + pages = {791--803}, + issn = {1759-4774, 1759-4782}, + doi = {10.1038/s41571-022-00697-z}, + urldate = {2024-01-17}, + langid = {english} +} + +@article{wang_accelerated_2021, + title = {Accelerated {{Deep Reinforcement Learning}} for {{Fast Feedback}} of {{Beam Dynamics}} at {{KARA}}}, + author = {Wang, Weija and Caselle, Michele and Boltz, Tobias and Blomley, Edmund and Brosi, Miriam and Dritschler, Timo and Ebersoldt, Andreas and Kopmann, Andreas and Garcia, Andrea Santamaria and Schreiber, Patrick and Br{\"u}ndermann, Erik and Weber, Marc and M{\"u}ller, Anke-Susanne and Fang, Yangwang}, + 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The high dose-rates achieved have a strong effect on the underlying mechanisms: from the improved biological interaction with healthy tissue being the main advantage and driving point, to the increased non-linearity in dosimetric measurements, high requirements in beam based diagnostics, and the presence of complex dynamics and self-interaction leading to collective effects in the accelerator-generated particle beams. Collective effects in radiotherapy beams have yet to be investigated. Thinking further, collective effects acting on the beam can lead to significant deformations of the charge distribution and therefore of the produced dose distribution, resulting in the need for mitigation or compensation and ideally shaping of the generated RT pulse. Which, under certain conditions, might be extendable to generate modulated beams for Microbeam RT directly in the accelerator. +The extreme pulse properties in FLASH and Microbeam radiotherapy lead to several open questions to be answered. The high dose-rates achieved have a strong effect on the underlying mechanisms: from the improved biological interaction with healthy tissue being the main advantage and driving point, to the increased non-linearity in dosimetric measurements, high requirements in beam based diagnostics, and the presence of complex dynamics and self-interaction leading to collective effects in the accelerator-generated particle beams. Collective effects in radiotherapy beams have yet to be investigated. Thinking further, collective effects acting on the beam can lead to significant deformations of the charge distribution and therefore of the produced dose distribution, resulting in the need for mitigation or compensation and ideally shaping of the generated RT pulse. Which, under certain conditions, might be extendable to generate modulated beams for these novel radiotherapy methods directly in the accelerator. -The main goal of the proposed project is to provide a fast and comprehensive assessment of radiotherapy beam properties and the resulting deposited dose on target as well as improved control thereof. Due to the high flexibility of electron research accelerators and the possibilities of beam shaping at beam generation, this project primarily focuses on electron based beams, with the possibility for transfer later on to heavier particles, contributing to the active research conducted on FLASH and Microbeams RT. +The main goal of the proposed project is to provide a fast and comprehensive assessment of radiotherapy beam properties and the resulting deposited dose on target as well as improved control thereof. +Due to the high flexibility of electron research accelerators %and the possibilities of beam shaping at beam generation, +this project primarily focuses on electron based beams, with the possibility for transfer later on to heavier particles. %, contributing to the active research conducted on FLASH and Microbeams RT. The following four objectives are selected: \begin{itemize} @@ -127,9 +132,106 @@ The following four objectives are selected: \end{itemize} These objectives will be achieved by investigating the influence of collective effects on the beam generation, beam transport, beam-matter interaction and diagnostics in novel electron radiotherapy methods with temporally and spatially structured beams. Therefore, different interactions of beam-particles with one another, described as collective effects, will be considered and incorporated into theoretical calculations and simulations of the transport of the particle beam from start-to-end, not only within the accelerator but also extended to the transport through matter (e.g., air or water) (objective I.). Furthermore, systematic studies on the dependence of different detection mechanisms and diagnostic tools on temporal and spatial pulse shapes combined with varying intensity will give insight into which diagnostic tools are suitable to aid in reliably delivering the desired conditions (objective II.). The investigation on the possibility to modulate the beam in the accelerator will pursue and compare different methods which will provide different temporal and spacial modulations. It will also entail studies on which modulations can be achieved on the final target when taking the transport through matter into consideration (objective III.). Employing the improved and extended simulation (from the first objective) to predict the resulting distribution on the target, might allow to consider the effects of the beam transport already during the generation of the beam. And if successful, this could enable the generation of a temporal and spatial particle distribution which preemptively compensates for the deformation expected during the propagation of the particle distribution from generation to the target. As a result, it would become possible to generate (within certain parameter limits) user-definable final particle distributions on the target (objective IV.). -\color{red}Check that ``EFFECT ON DISTRIBUTION IS INVESTIGATED AS THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT'' is added\color{black} +% \color{red}Check that ``EFFECT ON DISTRIBUTION IS INVESTIGATED AS THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT'' is added\color{black} + +% Expected OUTCOMES???? (should demonstrate relevance to research discipline ) + +The outcome of the project will firstly be the results achieved in the work packages aiming for the four objectives given above. This will directly contribute to the advancement of the novel radiotherapy FLASH and Microbeam RT by improving the reliability of the medically crucial distribution on target by improving the prediction, precise diagnostic and targeted control of the used particle beam. +The planned start-to-end simulation tool will allow to determine the expected particle and therefore dose distribution on the medical target with higher precision. +This is accompanied by a in-depth and profound recommendation on applicable diagnostic methods for complex RT beams, and how they can be complemented by incorporating shot-to-shot accelerator diagnostics into the standard diagnostic portfolio. +The outcome of the investigation into targeted pulse shape control opens up new possibilities and approaches to generate the temporally and spatially modulated particle beams applied in novel radiotherapy methods. + + +% \begin{itemize} +% \item objectives serve advancement of novel RT methods/contribution to RT +% improved reliability of the critical/crucial distribution on target by improving prediction, accurate diagnostic and control +% \begin{itemize} +% \item start-to-end simulation (by considering collective effects) +% \item diagnostic (usable for short pulses with high intensity, also shot-to-shot) +% \item This also includes extend standard portfolio of diagnostic tools by considering methods typically used in accelerator physics. +% \item control (by targeted shaping/modulation for custom distribution on target tissue) % - nicht nur besser sondern kann auch andere RT modalities ermöglichen +% \end{itemize} +% \end{itemize} + +Beside these direct outcomes, the project will furthermore contribute to general field of accelerator science and give impulses for the research on energy efficient and sustainable accelerators in medical applications. +% +Particularly for intense, short pulses which are inherently challenging, the project will contribute to improved diagnostics insight including shot-to-shot diagnostics and will provide a new simulation tool with a focus on collective effects in such beams. +Furthermore, the project will advance the knowledge of possibilities and limitations for beam shaping to create spatially and temporally modulated beams and the understanding of the involved collective effects. +% +% The found method for solving the ``inverse problem'' could be applied to, for example, calculating back from a point of measurement to any point along the accelerator where the beam properties can not be measured, e.g., the emittance at the electron gun. +The found method for solving the "inverse problem" could provide improved diagnostics capabilities through back-propagation of measured particle distributions back to arbitrary upstream locations along the accelerator, providing for example an estimate of the emittance at the electron gun. + +A wide variety of possible application fields in accelerator science come to mind. So could, for example, a transverse %? +beam modulation find an application in the research on % coherent light +synchrotron radiation generated in free electron laser. +% +The already mentioned method of back-propagating a measured particle distribution could be utilised similarly to "virtual diagnostics" for plasma accelerators where diagnostics in the plasma cell is generally difficult. +% +% Furthermore, do collective effects during the beam-matter interaction in plasma accelerators come increasingly relevant with increasing intensities and shortening pulse lengths. +% +% Furthermore, with the aim in plasma accelerators to produce higher intensities and shorter pulses, collective effects during the beam-matter interaction become increasingly relevant. +% +Furthermore, collective effects in beam-matter interaction +become increasingly relevant for propagation of beams through plasma in plasma accelerators for higher intensities and shorter pulses. + +In relation to energy efficient and sustainable accelerators, +%for medical applications +the project's use of FLUTE with operation modes geared towards medical applications can serve as energy model for research of the energy profile of medical accelerators within the framework of KITTEN and a collaboration with the Energy Lab 2.0. +This includes the possibility to study the energy consumption +for the generation of RT beams and potentially allows to +gain insights in the tolerable grid stability for medical applications +relying on special beam conditions with tight tolerances. + +In the medium to long term, the knowledge of critical parameters and understanding of involved physical effects, gained within this project, can be used to design energy efficient accelerators dedicated to medical applications such as FLASH or Microbeam RT. + +% particularly for short pulses....which are generally challenging... +% \begin{itemize} +% \item also helps acc dev/physics -- how??? + +% \begin{itemize} +% \item short pulses generally challenging, improved diagnostic insight, shot-to-shot more tested +% \item improved prediction/simulation, one more simulation + +% \item increased knowledge of possibilities and limitations for beam shaping and modulation +% \item increased understanding of collective effects in spatially and temporally modulated beams + +% \item found method for solving the inverse problem will be very useful, eg. calculating back from a point of measurement to places where not measurable. (emittance after gun determinable...) +% \item possible far-fetched application fields: +% \begin{itemize} +% \item spatial/temporal modulated beams in undulators +% \item ``virtual'' diagnostic in plasma accelerators via inverse problem method +% \item beam-matter interaction including collective effects relevant in plasma accelerators with high intensities and short/narrow pulses +% \end{itemize} + +% \end{itemize} +% +% \item serve as energy model?? (what did anke put in cover letter?) +% \begin{itemize} +% \item serve as energy model for linac with operation modes for RT beam properties +% \item knowledge of consumption (for RT beam setting) +% \item potentially knowledge on tolerable ``grid'' stability for reliable medical application +% \item energy reduction due to knowledge of necessary requirements +% \item The implementation of medical related operation modes in FLUTE allows to study the energy consumption/behaviour? of accelerator based medicine within a collaboration with KITTEN. This results in a better understanding of the situation and possible reductions in energy usage of medical facilities based on accelerators. +% \end{itemize} +% +% \item ...? +% \end{itemize} + \section{Relation to Helmholtz Mission and Programme?} + + +ST3 - Advanced Beam Control, Diagnostics and Dynamics + +Advanced accelerator development to explore novel use cases: Radiotherapy (aktuell werdend) + +cross-over detectors /siehe unten + +``While the scope of the research program aims at the synergetic use of technologies and methods for all types of next-generation beams, the generation, detection, and control of ultrashort electron bunches remains at the core of our activities. Exploring the dynamics of custom beams at the forefront of today’s technology is a prerequisite for the design of future high performance or compact accelerators. '' + +While the bunch length RT applications do not reach the current limits in accelerator generated beams, the involved dynamics nevertheless are similarly complex due to high intensity per bunch (leading to similar charge densities). + +(`` Exploring the dynamics of custom beams at the forefront of today’s technology is a prerequisite for the design of future high performance or compact accelerators. To achieve a reliable generation of attosecond to femtosecond electron pulses in free electron lasers, it is planned to establish improved start-to-end modeling considering all relevant aspects from the electron source dynamics to the mitigation of harmful collective effects.'') ... @@ -151,46 +253,76 @@ The Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) provides an exceptionally well-suite Another piece of the puzzle is the research bridge “Medical Technology for Health (MTH)” as part of the longstanding strategic partnership with the Heidelberg University HEIKA (Heidelberg Karlsruhe Strategic Partnership). The resulting, close connection to the Heidelberg Ion-Beam Therapy Center (HIT) at the University Hospital Heidelberg and the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) offers the project the collaboration with experts in radiotherapy and medical physics, such as Prof. Dr. Oliver Jäkel and Prof. Dr. Dr. Jürgen Debus, and furthermore provides the possibility for experimental studies with protons or ions at the experimental area of the accelerator complex at HIT. Furthermore, a joint master program in biomedical engineering in cooperation with the University Heidelberg is planned to start in the winter semester 24/25 strengthening this important research area by attracting young talents. The initiators behind this program would welcome my contribution towards lectures and supervisions of potential students. Additionally, members of the physics faculty such as dean of studies Prof. Dr. Quast and former vice-dean Prof. Dr. Husemann have declared their support for my involvement in a newly planned module of lectures on physical foundations of technologies. -The Accelerator Technology Platform (ATP) at KIT combines KIT-internal expertise and infrastructures relevant for accelerator research, development and application. This includes among others experts and infrastructure on advanced detector technologies studying, for example, ultra-fast and radiation hard detection systems, which offers the possibility for collaborations on newly-developed detector systems. With the proposed project relying on the possibility to conduct systematic measurements on accelerators and beams, KIT with the Institute for Beam Physics and Technology (IBPT) is an ideal environment in that it provides easy and extended access for in-house researchers to its electron accelerators. Both accelerators serve as accelerator test facilities leading to a high flexibility in beam conditions and the possibility to tailor operation modes to experimental requirements. To this end, the accelerators are equipped with extensive, state of the art diagnostics. The 2.5 GeV storage ring and synchrotron light source KARA (Karlsruhe Research Accelerator) provides short x-ray pulses. Additional operation modes have been implemented, for example, a short-pulse operation for the investigation of the dynamics in short bunches as well as the development and tests of novel, fast diagnostic methods. The second accelerator is the linear electron accelerator FLUTE (Ferninfrarot Linac- und Test-Experiment). It is designed to provide ultra-short electron pulses with an energy of around 6 MeV after the low-energy section and with energies of up to 50 MeV and bunch lengths down to femtoseconds after the full accelerator. The electron pulses in FLUTE are generated with a femtosecond chirped laser-driven photo-injector. Of great importance for the proposed project, is the recent implementation of a spatial light-modulator which allows spatial and temporal shaping of the laser pulse and therefore control of the initial electron distribution. A 50 MeV laser-plasma accelerator is being built as part of the ATHENA project. This will open the opportunity to test the developed simulation and diagnostic methods on a different type of accelerator and investigate the possibilities and limitations of LPA beams for radiotherapy in cooperation with the newly established group from Prof. Dr. Matthias Fuchs. -Last but not least, KIT offers a strong background in mathematical and computational science with the Scientific Computing Center (SCC) and the KIT Center "MathSEE" (Mathematics in Sciences, Engineering, and Economics). The KiT-RT (Kinetic Transport Solver for Radiation Therapy) [18] simulation code has been recently developed by the research group Computational Science and Mathematical Methods (CSMM). +The Accelerator Technology Platform (ATP) at KIT combines KIT-internal expertise and infrastructures relevant for accelerator research, development and application. This includes among others experts and infrastructure on advanced detector technologies studying, for example, ultra-fast and radiation hard detection systems, which offers the possibility for collaborations on newly-developed detector systems. With the proposed project relying on the possibility to conduct systematic measurements on accelerators and beams, KIT with the Institute for Beam Physics and Technology (IBPT) is an ideal environment in that it provides easy and extended access for in-house researchers to its electron accelerators. Both accelerators serve as accelerator test facilities leading to a high flexibility in beam conditions and the possibility to tailor operation modes to experimental requirements. To this end, the accelerators are equipped with extensive, state of the art diagnostics. The 2.5 GeV storage ring and synchrotron light source KARA (Karlsruhe Research Accelerator) provides short x-ray pulses. Additional operation modes have been implemented, for example, a short-pulse operation for the investigation of the dynamics in short bunches as well as the development and tests of novel, fast diagnostic methods. The second accelerator is the linear electron accelerator FLUTE (Ferninfrarot Linac- und Test-Experiment)~\cite{nasse_flute_2013}. It is designed to provide ultra-short electron pulses with an energy of around 6 MeV after the low-energy section and with energies of up to 50 MeV and bunch lengths down to femtoseconds after the full accelerator. The electron pulses in FLUTE are generated with a femtosecond chirped laser-driven photo-injector. Of great importance for the proposed project, is the recent implementation of a spatial light-modulator which allows spatial and temporal shaping of the laser pulse and therefore control of the initial electron distribution. A 50 MeV laser-plasma accelerator is being built as part of the ATHENA project. This will open the opportunity to test the developed simulation and diagnostic methods on a different type of accelerator and investigate the possibilities and limitations of LPA beams for radiotherapy in cooperation with the newly established group from Prof. Dr. Matthias Fuchs. +Last but not least, KIT offers a strong background in mathematical and computational science with the Scientific Computing Center (SCC) and the KIT Center "MathSEE" (Mathematics in Sciences, Engineering, and Economics). The KiT-RT (Kinetic Transport Solver for Radiation Therapy) \cite{kusch_kit-rt_2023} %[18] +simulation code has been recently developed by the research group Computational Science and Mathematical Methods (CSMM). Even with KIT being my alma mater, I am convinced that KIT offers an unparalleled opportunity, based on the multidisciplinary research environment, the close collaboration with the university Heidelberg and the Heidelberg ion-therapy center and new additions such as the KIT-Center “Health Technologies” and is therefore the best-possible choice as host institution for the proposed project. The direct and timely access to flexible accelerator test-facilities generating ultra-short pulses of high energy electron and photon beams within the same institution is a strong advantage. In combination with the detector experts in engineering science, it is a perfect fit for the experimental part of the project. The new additions and developments at KIT as well as the wide variety of research fields promises multidisciplinary input and solution-finding in an inspiring, dynamic and nurturing environment for me to successfully establish myself as junior research group leader. Embedded in one of Germany’s leading healthcare and technology regions, the proposed project will be especially well positioned to provide an important contribution towards the advancement of novel accelerator-based radiotherapy methods. -\section{Current Status of Research?/State of the art and preliminary work?} +\section{Current State of Research and Preliminary Work} \subsection{State of the art: radiotherapy} -Radiotherapy (RT) has always been a very valuable tool in cancer treatment [1]. In Europe, radiotherapy is recommended as part of the treatment plan for more than 50\% of cancer patients [2]. Reducing side effects while maintaining or even enhancing treatment efficacy in the future will improve the quality of life of the patients. Radiotherapy uses ionizing radiation to damage the DNA within the tumor cells, which prevents the cells from reproducing and eventually leads to their death. The external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) is based on accelerator-generated high-energy beams delivering a targeted dose of ionizing radiation to the affected area. As some areas of healthy tissue are unavoidable irradiated the dose rate is carefully chosen to keep a balance between tumor control and normal tissue tolerance. The range between radiation doses that effectively destroy cancer cells while only causing minimal damage to healthy tissue and organs is called the therapeutic window [3]. A widening of this window is one of the main goals of present day radiotherapy research. +Radiotherapy (RT) has always been a very valuable tool in cancer treatment \cite{thariat_past_2013}%[1] +. In Europe, radiotherapy is recommended as part of the treatment plan for more than 50\% of cancer patients \cite{borras_need_2015}%[2] +. Reducing side effects while maintaining or even enhancing treatment efficacy in the future will improve the quality of life of the patients. Radiotherapy uses ionizing radiation to damage the DNA within the tumor cells, which prevents the cells from reproducing and eventually leads to their death. The external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) is based on accelerator-generated high-energy beams delivering a targeted dose of ionizing radiation to the affected area. As some areas of healthy tissue are unavoidable irradiated the dose rate is carefully chosen to keep a balance between tumor control and normal tissue tolerance. The range between radiation doses that effectively destroy cancer cells while only causing minimal damage to healthy tissue and organs is called the therapeutic window \cite{vozenin_towards_2022}%[3] +. A widening of this window is one of the main goals of present day radiotherapy research. -\textbf{FLASH RT} is a novel approach which focuses short pulses with very high dose rates to enhance tumor cell lethality while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue. In conventional external beam RT typically around 30 fractions with 1.8 - 2 Gy per fraction are delivered with a dose rate ranging from 0.2 to 20 Gy/min. For FLASH RT, dose rates of more than 40 Gy/s (=2400 Gy/min) were observed to be effective in combination with pulse trains shorter than 500 ms and a total dose of 10 Gy or more [3]. The resulting significant widening of the therapeutic window (see Figure 1) +\textbf{FLASH RT} is a novel approach which focuses short pulses with very high dose rates to enhance tumor cell lethality while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue. In conventional external beam RT typically around 30 fractions with 1.8 - 2 Gy per fraction are delivered with a dose rate ranging from 0.2 to 20 Gy/min. For FLASH RT, dose rates of more than 40 Gy/s (=2400 Gy/min) were observed to be effective in combination with pulse trains shorter than 500 ms and a total dose of 10 Gy or more \cite{vozenin_towards_2022}%[3] +. The resulting significant widening of the therapeutic window (see Figure 1) \begin{figure}[b] \centering \includegraphics[trim=0mm 0mm 0mm 0mm, clip,width=0.65\textwidth]{plots/bild_xkcd_darker2.png} \caption{Sketch of the therapeutic window increasing as normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) is shifted to higher dose for FLASH RT and tumor control probability (TCP) remains.} \label{fig:therapeutic_window} \end{figure} -allows a higher dose per fraction than in conventional radiotherapy without causing severe side effects, such as acute normal tissue reactions or long-term complications. Several suspected mechanisms behind the beneficial FLASH effect [4] are being investigated. And while the exact mechanisms are not yet fully determined, the effect has been experimentally demonstrated for irradiation with photons, electrons and ions. The presented project will primarily focus on electron beams. +allows a higher dose per fraction than in conventional radiotherapy without causing severe side effects, such as acute normal tissue reactions or long-term complications. Several suspected mechanisms behind the beneficial FLASH effect \cite{atkinson_current_2023} %[4] +are being investigated. And while the exact mechanisms are not yet fully determined, the effect has been experimentally demonstrated for irradiation with photons, electrons and ions. The presented project will primarily focus on electron beams. -The high dose rates result in difficulties with standard dosimetry techniques showing deviations from the required linear detection efficiency [5]. So is, for example, the Fricke dosimetry nearly independent of does rate up to approximately 2 Gy per pulse, which is exceeded under FLASH conditions. Therefore, the primary standard for dosimetry in conventional electron RT is not applicable to FLASH RT. To this end, the effects leading to the observed deviations between expected and detected dose are under investigation and new dosimetry calibration procedures and detectors are being tested [6]. Recent work has, for example, included further investigations of ion-recombination in ionization chambers including improved ways of calculating the recombination correction factors [7]. In addition, systematic tests of possible, alternative detection mechanisms such as solid-state calorimeters and small-volume and active dosimeters were conducted [5], [8]. Active detectors and real-time diagnostics become increasingly relevant as well for beam monitoring as each of the few high dose pulses carries a non-negligible amount of the total dose described for treatment, increasing the required per shot accuracy as fluctuations in dose per pulse no longer average out. Besides the obvious need to establish accurate dosimetry methods, the prediction of the expected dose on target can be improved by including collective effects into the simulations. This will be described further in the state of the art: accelerators and collective effects section. For most standard medical accelerators the FLASH conditions are challenging if not impossible to achieve, requiring substantial improvement or the development of dedicated FLASH accelerators [9]. In the meantime, dedicated accelerator facilities with compatible beam conditions are employed as test-beds. +The high dose rates result in difficulties with standard dosimetry techniques showing deviations from the required linear detection efficiency \cite{romano_ultrahigh_2022}%[5] +. So is, for example, the Fricke dosimetry nearly independent of does rate up to approximately 2 Gy per pulse, which is exceeded under FLASH conditions. Therefore, the primary standard for dosimetry in conventional electron RT is not applicable to FLASH RT. To this end, the effects leading to the observed deviations between expected and detected dose are under investigation and new dosimetry calibration procedures and detectors are being tested \cite{schuller_european_2020}%[6] +. Recent work has, for example, included further investigations of ion-recombination in ionization chambers including improved ways of calculating the recombination correction factors \cite{petersson_high_2017}%[7] +. In addition, systematic tests of possible, alternative detection mechanisms such as solid-state calorimeters and small-volume and active dosimeters were conducted \cite{romano_ultrahigh_2022}%[5] +, \cite{kranzer_response_2022}%[8] +. Active detectors and real-time diagnostics become increasingly relevant as well for beam monitoring as each of the few high dose pulses carries a non-negligible amount of the total dose described for treatment, increasing the required per shot accuracy as fluctuations in dose per pulse no longer average out. Besides the obvious need to establish accurate dosimetry methods, the prediction of the expected dose on target can be improved by including collective effects into the simulations. This will be described further in the state of the art: accelerators and collective effects section. For most standard medical accelerators the FLASH conditions are challenging if not impossible to achieve, requiring substantial improvement or the development of dedicated FLASH accelerators \cite{faillace_perspectives_2022}%[9] +. In the meantime, dedicated accelerator facilities with compatible beam conditions are employed as test-beds. -Another possibility to achieve reduced normal tissue damage are spatially structured beams used in \mbox{\textbf{Microbeam Radiotherapy (MRT)} [10]}. The spatial intensity modulation at the micrometer scale has shown the potential to widen the therapeutic window. The underlying biological mechanisms are suspected to have significant overlap with the mechanisms behind the FLASH effect due to the similarly high dose and dose rates in the micron-sized individual beamlets in the array of parallel microbeams [10]. Earlier studies with electron GRID radiotherapy [11] and recent studies with protons showed promising results in the sparing of healthy tissue [12]. Nevertheless, most studies on MRT have been conducted with X-rays. The unidirectional microbeams with spot sizes of 25 - 100 $\textrm{\textmu m}$ and a spot spacing of 50 - 200 $\textrm{\textmu m}$ are produced by inserting a multi-slit collimator into an x-ray beam with very small divergence produced at a 3rd generation light source [13]. This dependence on large infrastructure synchrotron sources is one of the main challenges in MRT today. With most research focusing on the modulation of the beam outside the accelerator close to the target area, accelerator-based electron beam modulation remains an open research question. +Another possibility to achieve reduced normal tissue damage are spatially structured beams used in \mbox{\textbf{Microbeam Radiotherapy (MRT)} \cite{fukunaga_brief_2021}%[10] +}. The spatial intensity modulation at the micrometer scale has shown the potential to widen the therapeutic window. The underlying biological mechanisms are suspected to have significant overlap with the mechanisms behind the FLASH effect due to the similarly high dose and dose rates in the micron-sized individual beamlets in the array of parallel microbeams \cite{fukunaga_brief_2021}%[10] +. Earlier studies with electron GRID radiotherapy \cite{meigooni_dosimetric_2002} %[11] +and recent studies with protons showed promising results in the sparing of healthy tissue \cite{girst_improved_2015}%[12] +. Nevertheless, most studies on MRT have been conducted with X-rays. The unidirectional microbeams with spot sizes of 25 - 100 $\textrm{\textmu m}$ and a spot spacing of 50 - 200 $\textrm{\textmu m}$ are produced by inserting a multi-slit collimator into an x-ray beam with very small divergence produced at a 3rd generation light source \cite{european_synchrotron_radiation_facility_esrf_nodate}%[13] +. This dependence on large infrastructure synchrotron sources is one of the main challenges in MRT today. With most research focusing on the modulation of the beam outside the accelerator close to the target area, accelerator-based electron beam modulation remains an open research question. In summary, it can be concluded, that the high temporal or spatial structuring for both novel radiotherapy methods, FLASH RT and Microbeam RT, leads to an increased complexity in the diagnostics of the beam properties and the dose as well as in the generation. In addition to the capability to generate and diagnose beams for FLASH RT, also the beam dynamics under the extreme beam properties need to be investigated in great detail to understand and simulate the resulting effect on the beam properties on target. \subsection{State of the art: accelerators and collective effects} -As discussed above, the requirements of new advanced radiotherapy methods on particle accelerators are high and current research on FLASH RT is consequently mainly performed on dedicated accelerator research facilities with a focus on electron accelerators. The additional advantage is the possibility to benefit from the flexibility in operation parameters, such as variable pulse length or intensity, and the higher degree in versatile instrumentation and diagnostics. This allows systematic studies and parameter mappings to assist the search for the best suitable parameter set for a widening of the therapeutic window. Furthermore, at current RT accelerators, the diagnostic measures focus mainly on the dose detected after the accelerator. The wide range of fast and accurate diagnostics available and employed in research accelerators opens up access to fast and extensive information on the beam properties, such as charge, energy, position, pulse shape, and more [6]. The proposed project will exploit this further than currently done to increase the extend of monitoring and control over the produced pulses and to provide recommendations on the most suited, complementary diagnostics methods for RT. +As discussed above, the requirements of new advanced radiotherapy methods on particle accelerators are high and current research on FLASH RT is consequently mainly performed on dedicated accelerator research facilities with a focus on electron accelerators. The additional advantage is the possibility to benefit from the flexibility in operation parameters, such as variable pulse length or intensity, and the higher degree in versatile instrumentation and diagnostics. This allows systematic studies and parameter mappings to assist the search for the best suitable parameter set for a widening of the therapeutic window. Furthermore, at current RT accelerators, the diagnostic measures focus mainly on the dose detected after the accelerator. The wide range of fast and accurate diagnostics available and employed in research accelerators opens up access to fast and extensive information on the beam properties, such as charge, energy, position, pulse shape, and more \cite{schuller_european_2020}%[6] +. The proposed project will exploit this further than currently done to increase the extend of monitoring and control over the produced pulses and to provide recommendations on the most suited, complementary diagnostics methods for RT. -In general, research accelerators cover a wide variety of different use-cases and machine types, with circular and linear accelerators (linac) being the most common types. Over all, the beam properties can range from continuous beams to bunched beams consisting of particle packages (bunches), from MeV to several GeV or for colliders even TeV beam energies, from artificially elongated bunches with very narrow transverse sizes and divergence (ultra-low emittance [14]) to wider but ultra-short bunches down to femtosecond pulse durations [15]. For electron accelerators, the electrons are either generated via thermionic emission or with a laser pulse on a photo-cathode. The latter case provides control over the pulse length as well as the transverse distribution of the generated initial electron bunch by modulating the incident laser pulse [16]. This offers further possibilities for studies of spatially structured pulses and the possibility for accelerator-based beam modulation of radiotherapy beams will be investigated within this project. +In general, research accelerators cover a wide variety of different use-cases and machine types, with circular and linear accelerators (linac) being the most common types. Over all, the beam properties can range from continuous beams to bunched beams consisting of particle packages (bunches), from MeV to several GeV or for colliders even TeV beam energies, from artificially elongated bunches with very narrow transverse sizes and divergence (ultra-low emittance \cite{apollonio_improved_2022}%[14] +) to wider but ultra-short bunches down to femtosecond pulse durations \cite{tavares_status_2019}%[15] +. For electron accelerators, the electrons are either generated via thermionic emission or with a laser pulse on a photo-cathode. The latter case provides control over the pulse length as well as the transverse distribution of the generated initial electron bunch by modulating the incident laser pulse \cite{nabinger_transverse_2022}%[16] +. This offers further possibilities for studies of spatially structured pulses and the possibility for accelerator-based beam modulation of radiotherapy beams will be investigated within this project. -In a continuous effort, research accelerators are characterized to a higher and higher degree with regards to a wide variety of effects including complex contributions to the beam dynamics such as collective effects. In general, the dynamics of accelerated particles is influenced by fields of different origin. External magnetic fields are applied for guiding and focusing the particle beams as well as external electromagnetic fields which are used for the basic acceleration itself but also for fast deflection in the context of diagnostics or for shaping the longitudinal charge distribution by so-called higher harmonic cavities resulting in complex shapes of the electromagnetic potentials. These dynamic boundary conditions lead to complex, non-linear dynamics of the accelerated particles. On top of this, self-generated electromagnetic fields act back on the particles and on the surrounding material. These self-interactions and interactions with the environment depend on the number and distribution of the particles within a bunch and are therefore often referred to as collective effects [17]. +In a continuous effort, research accelerators are characterized to a higher and higher degree with regards to a wide variety of effects including complex contributions to the beam dynamics such as collective effects. In general, the dynamics of accelerated particles is influenced by fields of different origin. External magnetic fields are applied for guiding and focusing the particle beams as well as external electromagnetic fields which are used for the basic acceleration itself but also for fast deflection in the context of diagnostics or for shaping the longitudinal charge distribution by so-called higher harmonic cavities resulting in complex shapes of the electromagnetic potentials. These dynamic boundary conditions lead to complex, non-linear dynamics of the accelerated particles. On top of this, self-generated electromagnetic fields act back on the particles and on the surrounding material. These self-interactions and interactions with the environment depend on the number and distribution of the particles within a bunch and are therefore often referred to as collective effects \cite{brosi_-depth_2020}%[17] +. -Each charged particle is surrounded by its electromagnetic field. The field interacts with all nearby materials such as a vacuum chamber, matter it passes through and also neighboring particles within the same bunch. These interactions can result in a force acting back on the charged particle leading to a change in movement direction or energy. The effective resistance that the charged particle experiences due to these interactions are described with frequency dependent impedances. Furthermore, in the same way one particle affects all neighboring particles, each particle is affected by the superposition of the fields of all other particles within the bunch. The resulting fields are referred to as wake fields and depend directly on the distribution of the charged particles in a bunch as well as on beam energy and the material properties of the surrounding structures. Both quantities are connected, as the impedance $Z$ multiplied by the Fourier-transform of the charge distribution $\tilde{\rho}$ equals the Fourier-transform of the wake field $V$ [17]: +Each charged particle is surrounded by its electromagnetic field. The field interacts with all nearby materials such as a vacuum chamber, matter it passes through and also neighboring particles within the same bunch. These interactions can result in a force acting back on the charged particle leading to a change in movement direction or energy. The effective resistance that the charged particle experiences due to these interactions are described with frequency dependent impedances. Furthermore, in the same way one particle affects all neighboring particles, each particle is affected by the superposition of the fields of all other particles within the bunch. The resulting fields are referred to as wake fields and depend directly on the distribution of the charged particles in a bunch as well as on beam energy and the material properties of the surrounding structures. Both quantities are connected, as the impedance $Z$ multiplied by the Fourier-transform of the charge distribution $\tilde{\rho}$ equals the Fourier-transform of the wake field $V$ \cite{brosi_-depth_2020}%[17] +: $$ V\left(t\right) = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \tilde{\rho}\left(f\right) Z\left(f\right) e^{i2\pi ft} \mathrm{d} f $$ This equation also directly shows, that depending on the shape and length of the particle distribution, the overlap in frequency with the impedance changes and therefore affects the resulting strength of the self-generated electromagnetic field. Collective effects cause various issues in accelerator beam dynamics, such as emittance growth, energy loss, beam instabilities, overall degradation of performance and deformation of the temporal and spatial shape of the particle bunch. The mitigation and control of these effects is an ongoing topic in accelerator physics and advanced models and algorithms are developed to predict the influence of collective effects on the particle beams throughout the entire system. -Collective effects have not been considered in the past in conventional accelerator-based RT due to the rather long pulses and therefore low momentary intensity and dose-rates. Furthermore, they are typically not included in calculations of the beam transport through matter often based on Monte Carlo or particle tracking. Common simulation tools include FLUKA, EGSnrc, BDSIM or the KiT-RT (Kinetic Transport for radiation therapy) framework designed for easy extendibility [18]. The inclusion of collective effects into the beam-matter interaction calculations is going to be an important topic within this project. Examples of collective effects with potential relevance for RT beams include space charge wake fields [19], coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) [20] and resistive-wall wake fields [21] and are present in both circular and linear accelerators. The presence of these effects leads to instabilities like intra-beam scattering, the transverse mode-coupling instability [22], micro-wave instability [21] and the micro-bunching instability [23], all of which I have studied in electron storage rings in the past, as described in the following. +Collective effects have not been considered in the past in conventional accelerator-based RT due to the rather long pulses and therefore low momentary intensity and dose-rates. Furthermore, they are typically not included in calculations of the beam transport through matter often based on Monte Carlo or particle tracking. Common simulation tools include FLUKA, EGSnrc, BDSIM or the KiT-RT (Kinetic Transport for radiation therapy) framework designed for easy extendibility \cite{kusch_kit-rt_2023}%[18] +. The inclusion of collective effects into the beam-matter interaction calculations is going to be an important topic within this project. Examples of collective effects with potential relevance for RT beams include space charge wake fields \cite{amstutz_microbunching_2022}%[19] +, coherent synchrotron radiation (CSR) \cite{brosi_online_2015} %[20] +and resistive-wall wake fields \cite{brosi_time-resolved_2023} %[21] +and are present in both circular and linear accelerators. The presence of these effects leads to instabilities like intra-beam scattering, the transverse mode-coupling instability \cite{brosi_asymmetric_2024}%[22] +, micro-wave instability \cite{brosi_time-resolved_2023} %[21] +and the micro-bunching instability \cite{brosi_overview_2021}%[23] +, all of which I have studied in electron storage rings in the past, as described in the following. -\subsection{Open questions and challenges? not here???} +\subsection{Open questions and challenges} Some of the aforementioned most pressing questions and challenges for accelerator-based FLASH RT and Microbeam RT are listed below: \begin{itemize} @@ -208,31 +340,43 @@ Some of the aforementioned most pressing questions and challenges for accelerato In general, a sound understanding of the effects involved in the dynamics of temporally and spatially structured RT beams is required for the generation, the propagation as well as the detection of the resulting high dose-rate pulses. Identifying the contributing collective effects and shedding more light onto their deforming influence is therefore crucial to accurately predict the particle-, and therefore, dose-distribution on target. \subsection{Previous relevant work on beam dynamics, collective effects and diagnostics by Dr. Brosi} -In the last years, I have performed systematic studies of the longitudinal as well as transverse collective effects and instabilities influencing the bunch shape in all dimensions. The main goal was to investigate phenomena occurring under extreme operation modes to understand and circumvent resulting performance limitations while contributing to the general advancement of the field. The studied conditions included high charge in single bunches, dedicated short bunch-length operation modes at the storage ring KARA \cite{brosi_prab19} [24] and small transverse bunch-sizes in the ultra-low emittance synchrotron light source MAX IV [21], [22], all conditions prone to instabilities leading to dynamic sub-structures in the charge density of the bunches. For the investigations, I conducted experimental studies and systematic simulations. +In the last years, I have performed systematic studies of the longitudinal as well as transverse collective effects and instabilities influencing the bunch shape in all dimensions. The main goal was to investigate phenomena occurring under extreme operation modes to understand and circumvent resulting performance limitations while contributing to the general advancement of the field. The studied conditions included high charge in single bunches, dedicated short bunch-length operation modes at the storage ring KARA \cite{brosi_systematic_2019} %[24] +and small transverse bunch-sizes in the ultra-low emittance synchrotron light source MAX IV \cite{brosi_time-resolved_2023}%[21] +, \cite{brosi_asymmetric_2024}%[22] +, all conditions prone to instabilities leading to dynamic sub-structures in the charge density of the bunches. For the investigations, I conducted experimental studies and systematic simulations. -To evaluate the expected collective effects in the context of this proposal, simulations will be a valuable tool for which I have gained extensive experience in my previous research. For example, my studies of the micro-bunching instability, which occurs at bunch lengths in the order of several picoseconds or less, showed for example, an additional region of instability for certain parameters at lower bunch charge as predicted by the text-book equations [24]. To perform the theoretical calculations, I used the Vlasov-Fokker-Planck solver Inovesa [25], which simulates the longitudinal dynamics under the influence of the coherent synchrotron radiation impedance. To this end, the particle density distribution in the longitudinal phase space is calculated via the Vlasov-Fokker-Planck equation for each time step. I was involved in the scientific conceptualization of the code as well as testing the software and extensive benchmarking against measurements to assess the correctness of the results. Later, I extended the simulation to also include the influence of the geometric and resistive-wall impedance for studies of the micro-wave instability at MAX IV [21]. With these simulations I could very well reproduce the deformations in the longitudinal bunch shape observed experimentally (see Figure 2). +To evaluate the expected collective effects in the context of this proposal, simulations will be a valuable tool for which I have gained extensive experience in my previous research. For example, my studies of the micro-bunching instability, which occurs at bunch lengths in the order of several picoseconds or less, showed for example, an additional region of instability for certain parameters at lower bunch charge as predicted by the text-book equations \cite{brosi_systematic_2019}%[24] +. To perform the theoretical calculations, I used the Vlasov-Fokker-Planck solver Inovesa \cite{schonfeldt_parallelized_2017}%[25] +, which simulates the longitudinal dynamics under the influence of the coherent synchrotron radiation impedance. To this end, the particle density distribution in the longitudinal phase space is calculated via the Vlasov-Fokker-Planck equation for each time step. I was involved in the scientific conceptualization of the code as well as testing the software and extensive benchmarking against measurements to assess the correctness of the results. Later, I extended the simulation to also include the influence of the geometric and resistive-wall impedance for studies of the micro-wave instability at MAX IV \cite{brosi_time-resolved_2023}%[21] +. With these simulations I could very well reproduce the deformations in the longitudinal bunch shape observed experimentally (see Figure 2). \begin{figure}[b] \centering \includegraphics[trim=0mm 0mm 0mm 0mm, clip,width=0.95\textwidth]{plots/micro-wave_mes_vs_simulation.png} \caption{Measurement (left) and simulation (right) of the longitudinal bunch profile on the vertical axis and the temporal evolution on the horizontal axis.} \label{fig:microwave_insta} \end{figure} -This again proved the potential of Inovesa to simulate the temporal development of the particle density distribution under the influence of collective effects caused by different types of impedances. Another simulation method capable of calculating the development of a particle bunch under the influence of collective effects is particle tracking, where the individual particle paths are calculated opposed to the particle density in Inovesa. Using the particle tracking tool mbtrack2 [26], I could recently show in simulations as well as in measurements that for certain settings in the accelerator’s magnetic lattice, a single-particle dynamics effect can be used to reduce the impact of the collective effect underlying the transverse mode-coupling instability [22]. This instability is caused by transverse wake fields and can lead to drastic beam blow ups resulting in complete loss of particles. The capability to prevent resulting particle losses reveals possible ways of combating this instability in future low-emittance electron storage rings. +This again proved the potential of Inovesa to simulate the temporal development of the particle density distribution under the influence of collective effects caused by different types of impedances. Another simulation method capable of calculating the development of a particle bunch under the influence of collective effects is particle tracking, where the individual particle paths are calculated opposed to the particle density in Inovesa. Using the particle tracking tool mbtrack2 \cite{gamelin_mbtrack2_2021}%[26] +, I could recently show in simulations as well as in measurements that for certain settings in the accelerator’s magnetic lattice, a single-particle dynamics effect can be used to reduce the impact of the collective effect underlying the transverse mode-coupling instability \cite{brosi_asymmetric_2024}%[22] +. This instability is caused by transverse wake fields and can lead to drastic beam blow ups resulting in complete loss of particles. The capability to prevent resulting particle losses reveals possible ways of combating this instability in future low-emittance electron storage rings. -Both simulation methods, particle tracking as well as phase-space density propagation employing the Vlasov-Fokker-Planck equation, are possible options to be explored for the planned calculations of the collective effect influence during the beam transport through matter. Furthermore, another viable starting point is based on the past work at CERN, to calculate beam-matter interaction using covariance matrices [27], which are a common tool used to transport beam properties along the accelerator. +Both simulation methods, particle tracking as well as phase-space density propagation employing the Vlasov-Fokker-Planck equation, are possible options to be explored for the planned calculations of the collective effect influence during the beam transport through matter. Furthermore, another viable starting point is based on the past work at CERN, to calculate beam-matter interaction using covariance matrices \cite{muller_description_2001}%[27] +, which are a common tool used to transport beam properties along the accelerator. -For the proposed project, another important aspect in the investigation of collective effects are systematic measurements with a sufficiently high temporal resolution to resolve the resulting dynamics, be it separating the consecutive revolutions of a bunch in a ring based accelerator or resolving the shot to shot differences between consecutive bunches in a linear accelerator. I was part of the team that developed a new ultra-fast readout system, to study the influence of the micro-bunching instability on the emitted CSR and the deformation of the longitudinal bunch shape [28]. The system enabled time-resolved measurements of the CSR intensity emitted by each bunch at every revolution in the synchrotron [29], as well as the synchronization with an electro-optical bunch-profile monitor. The resulting synchronized measurements, together with my simulations using Inovesa, provided further insight, with a high temporal resolution, into the formation of sub-structures in the longitudinal bunch shape causing the observed fluctuations in the emitted CSR [30]. Based on my work, a feedback system has been designed at KIT with the goal to mitigate and control the micro-bunching instability [31]. +For the proposed project, another important aspect in the investigation of collective effects are systematic measurements with a sufficiently high temporal resolution to resolve the resulting dynamics, be it separating the consecutive revolutions of a bunch in a ring based accelerator or resolving the shot to shot differences between consecutive bunches in a linear accelerator. I was part of the team that developed a new ultra-fast readout system, to study the influence of the micro-bunching instability on the emitted CSR and the deformation of the longitudinal bunch shape \cite{caselle_kapture-2_2017}%[28] +. The system enabled time-resolved measurements of the CSR intensity emitted by each bunch at every revolution in the synchrotron \cite{brosi_fast_2016}%[29] +, as well as the synchronization with an electro-optical bunch-profile monitor. The resulting synchronized measurements, together with my simulations using Inovesa, provided further insight, with a high temporal resolution, into the formation of sub-structures in the longitudinal bunch shape causing the observed fluctuations in the emitted CSR \cite{brosi_synchronous_2019}%[30] +. Based on my work, a feedback system has been designed at KIT with the goal to mitigate and control the micro-bunching instability \cite{wang_accelerated_2021}%[31] +. -My experience with the development of the fast readout system [28] as well as the utilization of multiple fast beam diagnostic systems and detectors, such as fast beam current transformers for time resolved charge measurements, beam position monitors, fluorescence screens, fast photo diodes, THz sensitive Schottky diode detectors [17] and more complex systems such as electro-optical bunch profile monitors [32], and synchrotron radiation monitors will be a great basis for the proposed experiments. +My experience with the development of the fast readout system \cite{caselle_kapture-2_2017} %[28] +as well as the utilization of multiple fast beam diagnostic systems and detectors, such as fast beam current transformers for time resolved charge measurements, beam position monitors, fluorescence screens, fast photo diodes, THz sensitive Schottky diode detectors \cite{brosi_-depth_2020} %[17] +and more complex systems such as electro-optical bunch profile monitors \cite{reisig_development_2022}%[32] +, and synchrotron radiation monitors will be a great basis for the proposed experiments. The extensive research conducted in the field of accelerator physics today aims for a deep understanding of the involved beam dynamics and collective effects especially in beams under extreme conditions, like short bunch lengths or high intensities and the diagnostics thereof. At the same time, with RT moving to beams with high temporal or spatial structuring for novel methods including FLASH RT or MRT, this research becomes more and more relevant, laying out the program for the proposed project. -% {\fontsize{9pt}{9pt}\selectfont -\AtNextBibliography{\fontsize{8pt}{8pt}\selectfont} -\printbibliography -% } -\section{Work Packages?} +\section{Work Packages} To achieve the objectives, the work program is structured in the following work packages A-C: \\%\vspace{0.8cm} \bgroup @@ -270,17 +414,17 @@ To achieve the objectives, the work program is structured in the following work % \end{table} % \vspace{0.2cm} -\subsection{WP A} +\subsection{WP A - Complex beam dynamics and collective effects} As new, advanced radiotherapy modalities rely on high intensity, short and/or spatially structured particle beams, the influence of interactions between the beam-particles is significantly increased compared to conventional radiotherapy. Work package A will study the influence of these collective effects on the beam in the accelerator as well as during the beam transport through matter onto the irradiation target. The focus will be on the influence the collective effects have on the spatial and temporal particle distribution within the beam, and therefore how the distribution on the target is affected, which is an important parameter in radiotherapy. Sub-work package A1 will focus on the beam dynamics during the beam generation in the accelerator. As first step (WP A1.1), a case study will be conducted. The influence of collective effects during the generation of beams for FLASH and Microbeam RT based on accelerator parameters of proposed accelerator designs for dedicated FLASH accelerators, e.g. \cite{faillace_perspectives_2022}, will be simulated. A combination of established accelerator simulation tools, such as ASTRA, AT or Ocelot will be employed as each includes different implementations of different sets of collective effects. -WP A1.2 will use the linear accelerator FLUTE~\cite{FLUTE} at KIT as a testbed and compare measurements and simulations of different beam parameters resembling the desired radiotherapy beam properties. To this end, multiple different available operation modes in a wide parameter range will be evaluated to find a set of suitable conditions. Similar to WP A1.1, simulations of the beam dynamics will be conducted to understand and quantify the influence of of collective effects on the beam properties. Experimental measurements can be conducted with the existing, extensive accelerator diagnostic tools at FLUTE. The experimental measurements will overlap with the planned test in WP B1.1 on the applicability of accelerator diagnostics for these extreme beam properties. +WP A1.2 will use the linear accelerator FLUTE~\cite{nasse_flute_2013} at KIT as a testbed and compare measurements and simulations of different beam parameters resembling the desired radiotherapy beam properties. To this end, multiple different available operation modes in a wide parameter range will be evaluated to find a set of suitable conditions. Similar to WP A1.1, simulations of the beam dynamics will be conducted to understand and quantify the influence of of collective effects on the beam properties. Experimental measurements can be conducted with the existing, extensive accelerator diagnostic tools at FLUTE. The experimental measurements will overlap with the planned test in WP B1.1 on the applicability of accelerator diagnostics for these extreme beam properties. % \color{red}ADD THAT EFFECT ON DISTRIBUTION IS INVESTIGATED AS THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT\color{black} The second sub-work package (WP A2) will focus on the influence of the extreme beam properties (high intensity, temporally and spatially structured) on the beam-matter interaction on the way from the accelerator to the target tissue inside the patient. In WP A2.1 existing models and simulation tools used in beam transport through matter calculations will be reviewed in detail to gain an overview of the effects typically considered, such as elastic and inelastic scattering, or bremsstrahlung. Based on preliminary research, it is expected that in most cases, purely the interaction of individual beam-particles with matter is considered \color{red} and the influence of neighboring beam-particles is neglected/not considered. \color{black} -In WP A2.2 corresponding simulations for a variety of possible beam properties generated at FLUTE will be conducted to evaluate the influence of the different interaction types. To this end, codes commonly employed in the radiotherapy and accelerator context will be used, such as BDSIM (based on Geant4)~\cite{nevay_bdsim_2020}, EGSnrc~\cite{kawrakow_egsnrc_2001}, FLUKA~\cite{battistoni_fluka_2016} and the new KiT-RT framework~\cite{kusch_kit-rt_2022}. % FLUKA [20], EGSnrc [21], BDSIM [22] or the KiT-RT (Kinetic Transport for radiation therapy) framework designed for easy extendibility [23]. +In WP A2.2 corresponding simulations for a variety of possible beam properties generated at FLUTE will be conducted to evaluate the influence of the different interaction types. To this end, codes commonly employed in the radiotherapy and accelerator context will be used, such as BDSIM (based on Geant4)~\cite{nevay_bdsim_2020}, EGSnrc~\cite{kawrakow_egsnrc_2001}, FLUKA~\cite{battistoni_fluka_2016} and the new KiT-RT framework~\cite{kusch_kit-rt_2023}. % FLUKA [20], EGSnrc [21], BDSIM [22] or the KiT-RT (Kinetic Transport for radiation therapy) framework designed for easy extendibility [23]. WP A2.3 will investigate, in the context of beam-matter interaction, how the close presence of neighboring beam-particles and different possible interactions between the beam-particles themselves affect the passage through matter. To this end, collective effects known from accelerator physics, such as space charge, intra-beam scattering, transition or coherent synchrotron radiation effects and ion- or electron cloud effects (depending on the beam-particle type) are evaluated and their relevance depending on the chosen beam properties is estimated. As next step (WP A3), the found effects will be incorporated into the calculations for the beam transport through matter and combined with simulations of the dynamics in the accelerator to create a start-to-end simulation. @@ -292,39 +436,44 @@ The successful completion of WP A will increase the predictability of the beam p \begin{figure}[h] \centering - \includegraphics[trim=0mm 0mm 0mm 0mm, clip,width=0.95\textwidth]{plots/linac_tissue_long_axis.png} -\caption{Sketch of evolution of short particle distribution along the accelerator.} + \includegraphics[trim=0mm 0mm 0mm 0mm, clip,width=0.95\textwidth]{plots/linac_long+trans_axis.png} +\caption{Sketch of evolution of short or spatially modulated particle distributions along the accelerator.} \label{fig:long_profil} \end{figure} -\subsection{WP B} +\subsection{WP B - Systematic investigation on temporal and spatial pulse shape dependence of detection mechanisms and diagnostic tools} The extreme temporal and spatial beam properties not only affect the beam propagation but also increase the complexity of applicable detection mechanisms and diagnostic tools. WP B will systematically investigate how the performance and accuracy of different detection mechanisms and diagnostic tools depend on the temporal and spatial pulse shapes of the particle beams in FLASH and Microbeam RT. -WP B1 will focus on accelerator-based beam diagnostic. Different diagnostic tools, such as fast beam current transformers, beam position monitors, fluorescence screens and more complex systems such as electro-optical bunch profile monitors [32], synchrotron or transition radiation monitors among others, will be tested with regards to their suitability for and their ability to detect high intensity, temporally and spatially structured particle bunches with a high accuracy. Experimental measurements are planed in WP B1.1 and will be compared with simulations from WP A1.2. The measurements will give input for the assessment conducted in WP B1.2 to report on the potential of different diagnostic methods as support for RT beam diagnostics with the required adequate resolution and stability for medical applications. An additional focus will be in shot-to-shot capabilities of the diagnostic methods. Given the high dose per pulse in both advanced RT methods, the number of administered doses will be significantly smaller than in conventional RT. To still assure the application of the correct absolut dose, information on the individual pulses from shot-to-shot capable diagnostics would provide an significant advantage. % \color{red} WHY shot to shot now more relevant\color{black} +WP B1 will focus on accelerator-based beam diagnostic. Different diagnostic tools, such as fast beam current transformers, beam position monitors, fluorescence screens and more complex systems such as electro-optical bunch profile monitors \cite{reisig_development_2022}%[32] +, synchrotron or transition radiation monitors among others, will be tested with regards to their suitability for and their ability to detect high intensity, temporally and spatially structured particle bunches with a high accuracy. Experimental measurements are planed in WP B1.1 and will be compared with simulations from WP A1.2. The measurements will give input for the assessment conducted in WP B1.2 to report on the potential of different diagnostic methods as support for RT beam diagnostics with the required adequate resolution and stability for medical applications. An additional focus will be in shot-to-shot capabilities of the diagnostic methods. Given the high dose per pulse in both advanced RT methods, the number of administered doses will be significantly smaller than in conventional RT. To still assure the application of the correct absolut dose, information on the individual pulses from shot-to-shot capable diagnostics would provide an significant advantage. % \color{red} WHY shot to shot now more relevant\color{black} -Work package B2 will focus on the effect the high dose rate, generated by the short pulses, has on dosimetry detectors. Experiments at other facilities have shown an increasingly non-linear detection efficiency for dose rates above 2\,Gy per pulse [5], resulting in deviations between expected and detected dose. +Work package B2 will focus on the effect the high dose rate, generated by the short pulses, has on dosimetry detectors. Experiments at other facilities have shown an increasingly non-linear detection efficiency for dose rates above 2\,Gy per pulse \cite{romano_ultrahigh_2022}%[5] +, resulting in deviations between expected and detected dose. In WP B2.1, the ultra-short electron pulses generated in FLUTE and the ultra-short photon pulses generated at the KIT synchrotron light source with the electron storage ring KARA will be used for experimental tests of different dosimetry methods. The dependence on beam properties such as pulse length, intensity, transverse size, and energy will be evaluated. -As starting point an advanced Markus chamber and the newly-developed flash-diamond detector, by PTW in Freiburg [8], will be tested towards their dependence on pulse length. -Based on these measurements, also the recent developments of improved theoretical dosimetry correction factors for ion-recombination [7] can be validated using the ultra-short pulses at FLUTE (WP B2.2). +As starting point an advanced Markus chamber and the newly-developed flash-diamond detector, by PTW in Freiburg \cite{kranzer_response_2022}%[8] +, will be tested towards their dependence on pulse length. +Based on these measurements, also the recent developments of improved theoretical dosimetry correction factors for ion-recombination \cite{petersson_high_2017} %[7] +can be validated using the ultra-short pulses at FLUTE (WP B2.2). Work package B2.3 will then investigate possibilities for measuring the 2-dimensional dose distribution. For testing the spatial resolution, the electron beam at FLUTE could be modulated in a first step by using for example collimators or potentially a mask at the accelerator exit. -As additional diagnostic of the 2-dimensional particle distribution after the accelerator, in WP B3 will assess typical accelerator-based diagnostic tools such as fluorescence screens for profile monitors for the application outside the accelerator vacuum as preparation for WP C. In this context, also detector tests of new detector systems under development at KIT, for example radiation hard CMOS-pixel detectors [33], could be incorporated and tests at facilities with proton or ion beams (e.g., HIT in Heidelberg or the GSI in Darmstadt) could be conducted to extend the gained insights to other types of particles. +As additional diagnostic of the 2-dimensional particle distribution after the accelerator, in WP B3 will assess typical accelerator-based diagnostic tools such as fluorescence screens for profile monitors for the application outside the accelerator vacuum as preparation for WP C. In this context, also detector tests of new detector systems under development at KIT, for example radiation hard CMOS-pixel detectors \cite{dierlamm_beam_2023}%[33] +, could be incorporated and tests at facilities with proton or ion beams (e.g., HIT in Heidelberg or the GSI in Darmstadt) could be conducted to extend the gained insights to other types of particles. Completing WP B successfully will provide the experimental diagnostic setups required in WP C. At the same time, objective II will be achieved so that a recommendation can be given on diagnostic methods applicable for FLASH and Microbeam RT beams. %Improved insight into the influence of temporal or spatial pulse modulation on detection and diagnostics to provide recommendations for applicable methods depending on beam parameters \begin{figure}[!h] \centering - \includegraphics[trim=0mm 0mm 0mm 0mm, clip,width=0.95\textwidth]{plots/linac_diagnostics2.png} -\caption{Sketch of multiple types of diagnostic tools along the linac and dosimetric measurement outside.} + \includegraphics[trim=0mm 0mm 0mm 0mm, clip,width=0.95\textwidth]{plots/linac_diagnostics_labeled.png} +\caption{Sketch of multiple types of diagnostic tools along the linear accelerator and outside.} \label{fig:long_profil} \end{figure} -\subsection{WP C} +\subsection{WP C - Beam modulation and beam shaping} This work package aims to understand the physical and theoretical limits of accelerator-based beam modulation and shaping for the application in radiotherapy. @@ -333,9 +482,11 @@ This will be based, firstly, on simulations exploring a variety of options for d One general option could be, for example, to employ the accelerator focusing magnets to modify the bunch shape, by over- or under-focusing the beam at the accelerator exit. Secondly, in WP C1.2, different possibilities and limitations will be experimentally tested at FLUTE. This will include testing the option found in simulations in WP C1.1 as well as a method which sets-on even before the accelerator by directly generating a custom, initial charge-distribution. -This is achieved by modulating the gun-laser spot on the electron-gun with a spatial light modulator set-up [16]. +This is achieved by modulating the gun-laser spot on the electron-gun with a spatial light modulator set-up \cite{nabinger_transverse_2022}%[16] +. The spatial-light modulator allows the modulation of the spatial as well as the temporal shape of the laser pulse used to generate electrons on the photo-cathode of the electron gun. -It operates by locally modulating the phase of the reflected laser pulse according to a pre-calculated hologram based on the targeted pulse shape and is currently being implemented at FLUTE [16]. +It operates by locally modulating the phase of the reflected laser pulse according to a pre-calculated hologram based on the targeted pulse shape and is currently being implemented at FLUTE \cite{nabinger_transverse_2022}%[16] +. The second step (WP C2) focuses on the investigation of the evolution of the initial modulated bunch shape during the transport through the accelerator and through matter on to the target. The investigation of the bunch shape evolution will consist of simulations (WP C2.1) based on the start-to-end simulation from work package A. @@ -355,9 +506,9 @@ WP C4.1 will, as first step, employ the final method to compensate the effect th And in WP C4.2, as final step, the capability of the method obtained in WP A3 will be tested to generate arbitrary, custom distributions on target and the limits in the achievable distributions will be explored. With this, a strong control over the particle and therefore dose distribution on the target will be achieved and the last objective (IV.) is fulfilled. - -\color{red} ADD WHAT THIS HELPS FOR THE ACCELERATOR PHYSIC IN GENERAL; here and/or at the objectives in the beginning? or does it go into the helmholtz and kit part??? -\color{black} +% +% \color{red} ADD WHAT THIS HELPS FOR THE ACCELERATOR PHYSIC IN GENERAL; here and/or at the objectives in the beginning? or does it go into the helmholtz and kit part??? +% \color{black} \begin{figure}[!h] \centering @@ -366,7 +517,7 @@ With this, a strong control over the particle and therefore dose distribution on \label{fig:long_profil} \end{figure} -\section{Work Plan?} +\section{Work Plan} \subsection{Time plan} @@ -377,7 +528,7 @@ The exact time plan may be subject to change, depending on the research progress \color{black} -\begin{figure}[!h] +\begin{figure}[t] \centering \includegraphics[trim=0mm 0mm 0mm 0mm, clip,width=1\textwidth]{plots/gantt_HH.pdf} \caption{Time plan showing the individual work packages color-coded by responsible team member as well as the time frame of each team members within the project in the lower part.} @@ -450,7 +601,7 @@ The proposed project profits from the following research infrastructure and scie \color{black} -\subsection{Handling of research data/Research data plan} +\subsection{Handling of research data/Research data plan?} This project will produce research data that covers a wide variety of data types, sizes and formats. Measurement data will originate from the multitude of accelerator beam diagnostic systems such as charge measurement, beam position information, transversal bunch profiles monitors or gun laser parameters, as well as from dose measurements in the water phantom. The total amount of measurement data generated over the course of the 6 year project duration is estimated to be in the several TBytes range. This is mostly due to the multitude of diagnostics running during accelerator experiments combined with systematic parameter scans including imaging data from 2D profile measurements. Simulations will be conducted with multiple existing simulation tools like EGSnrc, FLUKA, ASTRA or Ocelot. Furthermore, results from theoretical calculations such as self implemented simulation tools are expected and will contribute to the resulting research data as well as the developed software tools themselves. Due to the use of particle tracking simulations and the possibility to run simulations on an HPC cluster, the estimated amount of simulation data is also in the range of several TBytes. @@ -589,4 +740,7 @@ meetings are planned, as first opportunity to present their research to a wider % \lipsum % \lipsum +\AtNextBibliography{\fontsize{8pt}{8pt}\selectfont} +\printbibliography + \end{document} diff --git a/Helmholtz/full_poposal/proposal_text/proposal.toc b/Helmholtz/full_poposal/proposal_text/proposal.toc index a909c18..c3a2f65 100644 --- a/Helmholtz/full_poposal/proposal_text/proposal.toc +++ b/Helmholtz/full_poposal/proposal_text/proposal.toc @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1}Research Goals and Expected Outcomes?}{2}{}% -\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2}Relation to Helmholtz Mission and Programme?}{3}{}% -\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3}Relation to Research Programme of IBPT and KIT?}{3}{}% -\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4}Current Status of Research?/State of the art and preliminary work?}{5}{}% +\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1}Research Goal and Expected Outcome}{2}{}% +\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2}Relation to Helmholtz Mission and Programme?}{4}{}% +\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3}Relation to Research Programme of IBPT and KIT?}{4}{}% +\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4}Current State of Research and Preliminary Work}{5}{}% \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.1}State of the art: radiotherapy}{5}{}% -\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2}State of the art: accelerators and collective effects}{6}{}% -\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3}Open questions and challenges? not here???}{7}{}% +\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2}State of the art: accelerators and collective effects}{7}{}% +\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3}Open questions and challenges}{8}{}% \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4}Previous relevant work on beam dynamics, collective effects and diagnostics by Dr. Brosi}{8}{}% -\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5}Work Packages?}{10}{}% -\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.1}WP A}{10}{}% -\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2}WP B}{12}{}% -\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.3}WP C}{13}{}% -\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6}Work Plan?}{14}{}% +\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5}Work Packages}{10}{}% +\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.1}WP A - Complex beam dynamics and collective effects}{11}{}% +\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2}WP B - Systematic investigation on temporal and spatial pulse shape dependence of detection mechanisms and diagnostic tools}{12}{}% +\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.3}WP C - Beam modulation and beam shaping}{13}{}% +\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6}Work Plan}{14}{}% \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.1}Time plan}{14}{}% \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2}Group structure}{14}{}% \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.3}Existing scientific equipment and infrastructure}{16}{}% -\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.4}Handling of research data/Research data plan}{16}{}% +\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.4}Handling of research data/Research data plan?}{16}{}% \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.5}Financial plan}{18}{}% \contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.5.1}Personnel costs}{18}{}% \contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.5.2}Material costs}{19}{}% diff --git a/Helmholtz/full_poposal/publication_list_2024-04_helmholtz_with_awards.pdf b/Helmholtz/full_poposal/publication_list_2024-04_helmholtz_with_awards.pdf index 977b988..7e547aa 100644 Binary files a/Helmholtz/full_poposal/publication_list_2024-04_helmholtz_with_awards.pdf and b/Helmholtz/full_poposal/publication_list_2024-04_helmholtz_with_awards.pdf differ diff --git a/Helmholtz/full_poposal/summary_200words_final b/Helmholtz/full_poposal/summary_200words_final new file mode 100644 index 0000000..18f60e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/Helmholtz/full_poposal/summary_200words_final @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +The proposed project will revolve around temporally and spatially structured accelerator-generated beams, required for novel radiotherapy methods such as FLASH and Microbeam RT. The focus will be on the involved accelerator physics, in particular the investigation of collective effects within these complex beams, a connection that has so far received little attention. The involved, densely populated pulses lead to strong interactions between the particles and the particle ensembles with the environment, the so-called collective effects. These can have a strong influence on the beam shape, an important parameter for successful radiation treatment. In order to improve the predictability of the beam properties on target, the consideration of collective effects is additionally extended to beam-matter interactions outside the accelerator. This, combined with systematic investigations of applicable diagnostic methods, forms the basis for research into the possibilities and limitations of accelerator-based pulse shaping and modulation. To this end, methods for generating customized, predefined particle distributions for radiotherapy will be developed and demonstrated within this project. Beyond this, the project has the potential to contribute to the advancement of intense and short pulse applications (in accelerator science) by advancing the understanding, predictability and control of complex beams. + +Im Fokus des vorgeschlagenen Projekts werden zeitlich und räumlich strukturierte, von Beschleunigern erzeugte Teilchenstrahlen stehen, die für neuartige Strahlentherapieverfahren, wie FLASH und Microbeam radiotherapy, benötigt werden. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf der beteiligten Beschleunigerphysik, insbesondere der Untersuchung kollektiver Effekte innerhalb dieser komplexen Strahlen, ein bisher wenig berücksichtigter Zusammenhang. Die verwendeten, dicht besetzten Pulse führen zu starke Wechselwirkungen der Teilchen untereinander sowie der Teilchenensembles mit der Umgebung, den sogenannten kollektiven Effekten. Diese können einen starken Einfluss auf die Strahlform haben, ein wichtiger Parameter für eine erfolgreiche Strahlenbehandlung. Um die Vorhersagbarkeit der Strahleigenschaften auf dem Target zu präzisieren, wird die Betrachtung der kollektiven Effekte zusätzlich auf die Strahl-Materie-Wechselwirkung außerhalb des Beschleunigers ausgedehnt. In Verbindung mit einer systematischen Untersuchung geeigneter Diagnosemethoden bildet dies die Grundlage für die Erforschung der Möglichkeiten und physikalischen Grenzen von beschleunigerbasierter Pulsformung und -modulation. Dazu sollen, im Rahmen dieses Projekts, Methoden zu Erzeugung maßgeschneiderter, vordefinierter Strahlverteilungen für die Strahlentherapie entwickelt und demonstriert werden. Auch über diese Anwendung hinaus, hat das Projekt das Potenzial zum allgemeinen Fortschritt der Anwendungen von Teilchenpulsen hoher Intensität und kurzer Dauer (in der Beschleunigerphysik) beizutragen, indem es Verständnis, Vorhersagbarkeit und die Möglichkeit zur Kontrolle dieser komplexen Teilchenstrahlen vorantreibt. diff --git a/Helmholtz/tips/VH-NG-1303_Sachbericht_2019.pdf b/Helmholtz/tips/VH-NG-1303_Sachbericht_2019.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b66d2fb Binary files /dev/null and b/Helmholtz/tips/VH-NG-1303_Sachbericht_2019.pdf differ diff --git a/plasma/2201.13183.pdf b/plasma/2201.13183.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..19a37cd Binary files /dev/null and b/plasma/2201.13183.pdf differ