@article{borras_need_2015,
	title = {The need for radiotherapy in {Europe} in 2020: {Not} only data but also a cancer plan},
	volume = {54},
	issn = {1651-226X},
	doi = {10.3109/0284186X.2015.1062139},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Acta Oncologica},
	author = {Borras, Josep M. and Lievens, Yolande and Grau, Cai},
	month = jul,
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Informa UK Limited},
	pages = {1268--1274},
}

@article{feist_measurement_1989,
	title = {Measurement of the total stopping power of 5.3 {MeV} electrons in polystyrene by means of electron beam absorption in ferrous sulphate solution},
	volume = {34},
	url = {https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/34/12/009},
	doi = {10.1088/0031-9155/34/12/009},
	abstract = {Describes how an experimental arrangement for the calibration of Fricke solution in terms of absorbed dose to water can be utilised to determine total, i.e. collisional and radiative, mass stopping power of high-energy electrons. As a first result the measurement of the total mass stopping power of polystyrene at about 5.3 MeV kinetic electron energy is presented in detail. Comparison of the obtained value with the corresponding result of recent theoretical computations shows agreement within the measurement uncertainty of about 1.2\% (SD).},
	number = {12},
	journal = {Physics in Medicine \& Biology},
	author = {Feist, H. and Muller, U.},
	month = dec,
	year = {1989},
	pages = {1863},
}

@article{seuntjens_photon_2009,
	title = {Photon absorbed dose standards},
	volume = {46},
	url = {https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0026-1394/46/2/S04},
	doi = {10.1088/0026-1394/46/2/S04},
	abstract = {In this review the current status of absorbed dose to water standards for high-energy photon beams (60Co—50 MV nominal accelerating potential) is discussed. The review is focused on calorimeter-based absorbed dose standards for photon radiation therapy calibrations with typical dose rates of a few gray per minute. In addition, two alternative types of absorbed dose standards are also discussed. The overall uncertainty on measured dose to water in static reference fields is nowadays on the order of 0.4\% to 0.5\%. The components contributing to the uncertainty budgets are discussed. The discussed absorbed dose to water standards are expected to continue to have their place not only in the dissemination of absorbed dose to water but also in the determination of beam quality conversion factors essential in reference dosimetry in high-energy photon beams.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Metrologia},
	author = {Seuntjens, Jan and Duane, Simon},
	month = mar,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {S39},
}

@article{atkinson_current_2023,
	title = {The current status of {FLASH} particle therapy: a systematic review},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {2662-4737},
	doi = {10.1007/s13246-023-01266-z},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine},
	author = {Atkinson, Jake and Bezak, Eva and Le, Hien and Kempson, Ivan},
	month = may,
	year = {2023},
	note = {Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC},
	pages = {529--560},
}

@phdthesis{konradsson_radiotherapy_2023,
	type = {{PhD} {Thesis}},
	title = {Radiotherapy in a {FLASH}: {Towards} clinical translation of ultra-high dose rate electron therapy},
	url = {https://portal.research.lu.se/files/146094869/Elise_Konradsson_Radiotherapy_in_a_FLASH.pdf},
	school = {Lund University},
	author = {Konradsson, Elise},
	year = {2023},
}

@article{petersson_high_2017,
	title = {High dose‐per‐pulse electron beam dosimetry — {A} model to correct for the ion recombination in the {Advanced} {Markus} ionization chamber},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {2473-4209},
	doi = {10.1002/mp.12111},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Medical Physics},
	author = {Petersson, Kristoffer and Jaccard, Maud and Germond, Jean‐François and Buchillier, Thierry and Bochud, François and Bourhis, Jean and Vozenin, Marie‐Catherine and Bailat, Claude},
	month = feb,
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley},
	pages = {1157--1167},
}

@article{kranzer_response_2022,
	title = {Response of diamond detectors in ultra-high dose-per-pulse electron beams for dosimetry at {FLASH} radiotherapy},
	volume = {67},
	issn = {1361-6560},
	doi = {10.1088/1361-6560/ac594e},
	number = {7},
	journal = {Physics in Medicine \& Biology},
	author = {Kranzer, R and Schüller, A and Bourgouin, A and Hackel, T and Poppinga, D and Lapp, M and Looe, H K and Poppe, B},
	month = mar,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Publisher: IOP Publishing},
	pages = {075002},
}

@article{faillace_perspectives_2022,
	title = {Perspectives in linear accelerator for {FLASH} {VHEE}: {Study} of a compact {C}-band system},
	volume = {104},
	issn = {1120-1797},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ejmp.2022.10.018},
	journal = {Physica Medica},
	author = {Faillace, L. and Alesini, D. and Bisogni, G. and Bosco, F. and Carillo, M. and Cirrone, P. and Cuttone, G. and De Arcangelis, D. and De Gregorio, A. and Di Martino, F. and Favaudon, V. and Ficcadenti, L. and Francescone, D. and Franciosini, G. and Gallo, A. and Heinrich, S. and Migliorati, M. and Mostacci, A. and Palumbo, L. and Patera, V. and Patriarca, A. and Pensavalle, J. and Perondi, F. and Remetti, R. and Sarti, A. and Spataro, B. and Torrisi, G. and Vannozzi, A. and Giuliano, L.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2022},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier BV},
	pages = {149--159},
}

@article{schuller_european_2020,
	title = {The {European} {Joint} {Research} {Project} {UHDpulse} – {Metrology} for advanced radiotherapy using particle beams with ultra-high pulse dose rates},
	volume = {80},
	issn = {1120-1797},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ejmp.2020.09.020},
	journal = {Physica Medica},
	author = {Schüller, Andreas and Heinrich, Sophie and Fouillade, Charles and Subiel, Anna and De Marzi, Ludovic and Romano, Francesco and Peier, Peter and Trachsel, Maria and Fleta, Celeste and Kranzer, Rafael and Caresana, Marco and Salvador, Samuel and Busold, Simon and Schönfeld, Andreas and McEwen, Malcolm and Gomez, Faustino and Solc, Jaroslav and Bailat, Claude and Linhart, Vladimir and Jakubek, Jan and Pawelke, Jörg and Borghesi, Marco and Kapsch, Ralf-Peter and Knyziak, Adrian and Boso, Alberto and Olsovcova, Veronika and Kottler, Christian and Poppinga, Daniela and Ambrozova, Iva and Schmitzer, Claus-Stefan and Rossomme, Severine and Vozenin, Marie-Catherine},
	month = dec,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier BV},
	pages = {134--150},
}

@article{fukunaga_brief_2021,
	title = {A {Brief} {Overview} of the {Preclinical} and {Clinical} {Radiobiology} of {Microbeam} {Radiotherapy}},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {0936-6555},
	doi = {10.1016/j.clon.2021.08.011},
	number = {11},
	journal = {Clinical Oncology},
	author = {Fukunaga, H. and Butterworth, K.T. and McMahon, S.J. and Prise, K.M.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2021},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier BV},
	pages = {705--712},
}

@misc{the_hdf_group_hierarchical_1997,
	title = {Hierarchical {Data} {Format}, version 5},
	url = {https://www.hdfgroup.org/HDF5/},
	author = {{The HDF Group}},
	year = {1997},
}

@article{vozenin_towards_2022,
	title = {Towards clinical translation of {FLASH} radiotherapy},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1759-4774, 1759-4782},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41571-022-00697-z},
	doi = {10.1038/s41571-022-00697-z},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2024-01-17},
	journal = {Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology},
	author = {Vozenin, Marie-Catherine and Bourhis, Jean and Durante, Marco},
	month = dec,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {791--803},
}

@article{romano_ultrahigh_2022,
	title = {Ultra‐high dose rate dosimetry: {Challenges} and opportunities for {FLASH} radiation therapy},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {0094-2405, 2473-4209},
	shorttitle = {Ultra‐high dose rate dosimetry},
	url = {https://aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mp.15649},
	doi = {10.1002/mp.15649},
	abstract = {Abstract
            The clinical translation of FLASH radiotherapy (RT) requires challenges related to dosimetry and beam monitoring of ultra‐high dose rate (UHDR) beams to be addressed. Detectors currently in use suffer from saturation effects under UHDR regimes, requiring the introduction of correction factors. There is significant interest from the scientific community to identify the most reliable solutions and suitable experimental approaches for UHDR dosimetry. This interest is manifested through the increasing number of national and international projects recently proposed concerning UHDR dosimetry. Attaining the desired solutions and approaches requires further optimization of already established technologies as well as the investigation of novel radiation detection and dosimetry methods. New knowledge will also emerge to fill the gap in terms of validated protocols, assessing new dosimetric procedures and standardized methods. In this paper, we discuss the main challenges coming from the peculiar beam parameters characterizing UHDR beams for FLASH RT. These challenges vary considerably depending on the accelerator type and technique used to produce the relevant UHDR radiation environment. We also introduce some general considerations on how the different time structure in the production of the radiation beams, as well as the dose and dose‐rate per pulse, can affect the detector response. Finally, we discuss the requirements that must characterize any proposed dosimeters for use in UDHR radiation environments. A detailed status of the current technology is provided, with the aim of discussing the detector features and their performance characteristics and/or limitations in UHDR regimes. We report on further developments for established detectors and novel approaches currently under investigation with a view to predict future directions in terms of dosimetry approaches, practical procedures, and protocols. Due to several on‐going detector and dosimetry developments associated with UHDR radiation environment for FLASH RT it is not possible to provide a simple list of recommendations for the most suitable detectors for FLASH RT dosimetry. However, this article does provide the reader with a detailed description of the most up‐to‐date dosimetric approaches, and describes the behavior of the detectors operated under UHDR irradiation conditions and offers expert discussion on the current challenges which we believe are important and still need to be addressed in the clinical translation of FLASH RT.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2024-01-17},
	journal = {Medical Physics},
	author = {Romano, Francesco and Bailat, Claude and Jorge, Patrik Gonçalves and Lerch, Michael Lloyd Franz and Darafsheh, Arash},
	month = jul,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {4912--4932},
	file = {Full Text:/home/mirbro/Zotero/storage/AIPE7PS6/Romano et al. - 2022 - Ultra‐high dose rate dosimetry Challenges and opp.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{kranzer_response_2022-1,
	title = {Response of diamond detectors in ultra-high dose-per-pulse electron beams for dosimetry at {FLASH} radiotherapy},
	volume = {67},
	issn = {0031-9155, 1361-6560},
	url = {https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6560/ac594e},
	doi = {10.1088/1361-6560/ac594e},
	abstract = {Abstract
            
              Objective.
              With increasing investigation of the so-called FLASH effect, the need for accurate real time dosimetry for ultra-high dose rates is also growing. Considering the ultra-high dose-per-pulse (DPP) necessary to produce the ultra-high dose rates for investigations of the FLASH effect, real time dosimetry is a major challenge. In particular, vented ionization chambers, as used for dosimetry in conventional radiotherapy, show significant deviations from linearity with increasing DPP. This is due to recombination losses in the sensitive air volume. Solid state detectors could be an alternative. Due to their good stability of the response with regard to the accumulated dose, diamond detectors such as the microDiamond could be suitable here. The aims of this work are to investigate the response of microDiamond and adapted microDiamond prototypes in ultra-high DPP electron beams, to understand the underlying effects and to draw conclusions for further detector developments.
              Approach.
              For the study, an electron beam with a DPP up to 6.5 Gy and a pulse duration of 2.5
              μ
              s was used to fulfill the conditions under which the FLASH effect was observed. As a dose rate-independent reference, alanine dosimeters were used.
              Main Results.
              It has been shown that the commercially available microDiamond detectors have limitations in terms of linearity at ultra-high DPP. But this is not an intrinsic limitation of the detector principle. The deviations from linearity were correlated with the series resistance and the sensitivity. It could be shown that the linear range can be extended towards ultra-high DPP range by reducing the sensitivity in combination with a low series resistance of the detectors.
              Significance.
              The work shows that synthetic single crystal diamond detectors working as Schottky photodiodes are in principle suitable for FLASH-RT dosimetry at electron linear accelerators.},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2024-01-17},
	journal = {Physics in Medicine \& Biology},
	author = {Kranzer, R and Schüller, A and Bourgouin, A and Hackel, T and Poppinga, D and Lapp, M and Looe, H K and Poppe, B},
	month = apr,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {075002},
	file = {Full Text:/home/mirbro/Zotero/storage/6FICWXHL/Kranzer et al. - 2022 - Response of diamond detectors in ultra-high dose-p.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{meigooni_dosimetric_2002,
	title = {Dosimetric characteristics with spatial fractionation using electron grid therapy},
	volume = {27},
	issn = {09583947},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0958394702000869},
	doi = {10.1016/S0958-3947(02)00086-9},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-01-17},
	journal = {Medical Dosimetry},
	author = {Meigooni, A.S and Parker, S.A and Zheng, J and Kalbaugh, K.J and Regine, W.F and Mohiuddin, M},
	month = mar,
	year = {2002},
	pages = {37--42},
}

@article{girst_improved_2015,
	title = {Improved normal tissue protection by proton and {X}-ray microchannels compared to homogeneous field irradiation},
	volume = {31},
	issn = {11201797},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1120179715000952},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ejmp.2015.04.004},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2024-01-17},
	journal = {Physica Medica},
	author = {Girst, S. and Marx, C. and Bräuer-Krisch, E. and Bravin, A. and Bartzsch, S. and Oelfke, U. and Greubel, C. and Reindl, J. and Siebenwirth, C. and Zlobinskaya, O. and Multhoff, G. and Dollinger, G. and Schmid, T.E. and Wilkens, J.J.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {615--620},
	file = {Full Text:/home/mirbro/Zotero/storage/X6WAWSEF/Girst et al. - 2015 - Improved normal tissue protection by proton and X-.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{fukunaga_brief_2021-1,
	title = {A {Brief} {Overview} of the {Preclinical} and {Clinical} {Radiobiology} of {Microbeam} {Radiotherapy}},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {09366555},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0936655521003058},
	doi = {10.1016/j.clon.2021.08.011},
	language = {en},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2024-01-17},
	journal = {Clinical Oncology},
	author = {Fukunaga, H. and Butterworth, K.T. and McMahon, S.J. and Prise, K.M.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2021},
	pages = {705--712},
	file = {Full Text:/home/mirbro/Zotero/storage/BWNX9T8U/Fukunaga et al. - 2021 - A Brief Overview of the Preclinical and Clinical R.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{thariat_past_2013,
	title = {Past, present, and future of radiotherapy for the benefit of patients},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1759-4774, 1759-4782},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/nrclinonc.2012.203},
	doi = {10.1038/nrclinonc.2012.203},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology},
	author = {Thariat, Juliette and Hannoun-Levi, Jean-Michel and Sun Myint, Arthur and Vuong, Te and Gérard, Jean-Pierre},
	month = jan,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {52--60},
}

@article{dierlamm_beam_2023,
	title = {A {Beam} {Monitor} for {Ion} {Beam} {Therapy} {Based} on {HV}-{CMOS} {Pixel} {Detectors}},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {2410-390X},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2410-390X/7/1/9},
	doi = {10.3390/instruments7010009},
	abstract = {Particle therapy is a well established clinical treatment of tumors. More than one hundred particle therapy centers are in operation world-wide. The advantage of using hadrons like protons or carbon ions as particles for tumor irradiation is the distinct peak in the depth-dependent energy deposition, which can be exploited to accurately deposit doses in the tumor cells. To guarantee this, high accuracy in monitoring and control of the particle beam is of the utmost importance. Before the particle beam enters the patient, it traverses a monitoring system which has to give fast feedback to the beam control system on position and dose rate of the beam while minimally interacting with the beam. The multi-wire chambers mostly used as beam position monitors have their limitations when a fast response time is required (drift time). Future developments such as MRI-guided ion beam therapy pose additional challenges for the beam monitoring system, such as tolerance of magnetic fields and acoustic noise (vibrations). Solid-state detectors promise to overcome these limitations and the higher resolution they offer can create additional benefits. This article presents the evaluation of an HV-CMOS detector for beam monitoring, provides results from feasibility studies in a therapeutic beam, and summarizes the concepts towards the final large-scale assembly and readout system.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Instruments},
	author = {Dierlamm, Alexander and Balzer, Matthias and Ehrler, Felix and Husemann, Ulrich and Koppenhöfer, Roland and Perić, Ivan and Pittermann, Martin and Topko, Bogdan and Weber, Alena and Brons, Stephan and Debus, Jürgen and Grau, Nicole and Hansmann, Thomas and Jäkel, Oliver and Klüter, Sebastian and Naumann, Jakob},
	month = feb,
	year = {2023},
	pages = {9},
	file = {Full Text:/home/mirbro/Zotero/storage/ZEACX73G/Dierlamm et al. - 2023 - A Beam Monitor for Ion Beam Therapy Based on HV-CM.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{battistoni_fluka_2016,
	title = {The {FLUKA} {Code}: {An} {Accurate} {Simulation} {Tool} for {Particle} {Therapy}},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {2234-943X},
	shorttitle = {The {FLUKA} {Code}},
	url = {http://journal.frontiersin.org/Article/10.3389/fonc.2016.00116/abstract},
	doi = {10.3389/fonc.2016.00116},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Frontiers in Oncology},
	author = {Battistoni, Giuseppe and Bauer, Julia and Boehlen, Till T. and Cerutti, Francesco and Chin, Mary P. W. and Dos Santos Augusto, Ricardo and Ferrari, Alfredo and Ortega, Pablo G. and Kozłowska, Wioletta and Magro, Giuseppe and Mairani, Andrea and Parodi, Katia and Sala, Paola R. and Schoofs, Philippe and Tessonnier, Thomas and Vlachoudis, Vasilis},
	month = may,
	year = {2016},
	file = {Full Text:/home/mirbro/Zotero/storage/HHM2VI4I/Battistoni et al. - 2016 - The FLUKA Code An Accurate Simulation Tool for Pa.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@incollection{kling_egsnrc_2001,
	address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
	title = {The {EGSnrc} {System}, a {Status} {Report}},
	isbn = {978-3-642-62113-0 978-3-642-18211-2},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-642-18211-2_23},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	booktitle = {Advanced {Monte} {Carlo} for {Radiation} {Physics}, {Particle} {Transport} {Simulation} and {Applications}},
	publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
	author = {Kawrakow, I. and Rogers, D. W. O.},
	editor = {Kling, Andreas and Baräo, Fernando J. C. and Nakagawa, Masayuki and Távora, Luis and Vaz, Pedro},
	year = {2001},
	doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-18211-2_23},
	pages = {135--140},
}

@article{nevay_bdsim_2020,
	title = {{BDSIM}: {An} accelerator tracking code with particle–matter interactions},
	volume = {252},
	issn = {00104655},
	shorttitle = {{BDSIM}},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0010465520300400},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cpc.2020.107200},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Computer Physics Communications},
	author = {Nevay, L.J. and Boogert, S.T. and Snuverink, J. and Abramov, A. and Deacon, L.C. and Garcia-Morales, H. and Lefebvre, H. and Gibson, S.M. and Kwee-Hinzmann, R. and Shields, W. and Walker, S.D.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {107200},
	file = {Submitted Version:/home/mirbro/Zotero/storage/NTN3NC2G/Nevay et al. - 2020 - BDSIM An accelerator tracking code with particle–.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{schonfeldt_parallelized_2017,
	title = {Parallelized {Vlasov}-{Fokker}-{Planck} solver for desktop personal computers},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {2469-9888},
	url = {https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.20.030704},
	doi = {10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.20.030704},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2024-01-19},
	journal = {Physical Review Accelerators and Beams},
	author = {Schönfeldt, Patrik and Brosi, Miriam and Schwarz, Markus and Steinmann, Johannes L. and Müller, Anke-Susanne},
	month = mar,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {030704},
	file = {Full Text:/home/mirbro/Zotero/storage/5QNM8XC7/Schönfeldt et al. - 2017 - Parallelized Vlasov-Fokker-Planck solver for deskt.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@book{chao_physics_1993,
	title = {Physics of collective beam instabilities in high-energy accelerators},
	isbn = {978-0-471-55184-3},
	url = {https://www.slac.stanford.edu/~achao/wileybook.html},
	author = {Chao, A. W.},
	year = {1993},
}

@misc{european_synchrotron_radiation_facility_esrf_nodate,
	title = {{ESRF}: {Microbeam} {Radiation} {Therapy} ({MRT})},
	url = {https://www.esrf.fr/home/UsersAndScience/Experiments/CBS/ID17/mrt-1.html},
	author = {{European Synchrotron Radiation Facility}},
}

@article{kudchadker_electron_2002,
	title = {Electron conformal radiotherapy using bolus and intensity modulation},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {03603016},
	url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360301602028110},
	doi = {10.1016/S0360-3016(02)02811-0},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2024-01-20},
	journal = {International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics},
	author = {Kudchadker, Rajat J and Hogstrom, Kenneth R and Garden, Adam S and McNeese, Marsha D and Boyd, Robert A and Antolak, John A},
	month = jul,
	year = {2002},
	pages = {1023--1037},
}

@article{farr_ultrahigh_2022,
	title = {Ultra‐high dose rate radiation production and delivery systems intended for {FLASH}},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {0094-2405, 2473-4209},
	url = {https://aapm.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mp.15659},
	doi = {10.1002/mp.15659},
	abstract = {Abstract
            Higher dose rates, a trend for radiotherapy machines, can be beneficial in shortening treatment times for radiosurgery and mitigating the effects of motion. Recently, even higher doses (e.g., 100 times greater) have become targeted because of their potential to generate the FLASH effect (FE). We refer to these physical dose rates as ultra‐high (UHDR). The complete relationship between UHDR and the FE is unknown. But UHDR systems are needed to explore the relationship further and to deliver clinical UHDR treatments, where indicated. Despite the challenging set of unknowns, the authors seek to make reasonable assumptions to probe how existing and developing technology can address the UHDR conditions needed to provide beam generation capable of producing the FE in preclinical and clinical applications. As a preface, this paper discusses the known and unknown relationships between UHDR and the FE. Based on these, different accelerator and ionizing radiation types are then discussed regarding the relevant UHDR needs. The details of UHDR beam production are discussed for existing and potential future systems such as linacs, cyclotrons, synchrotrons, synchrocyclotrons, and laser accelerators. In addition, various UHDR delivery mechanisms are discussed, along with required developments in beam diagnostics and dose control systems.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2024-01-20},
	journal = {Medical Physics},
	author = {Farr, Jonathan and Grilj, Veljko and Malka, Victor and Sudharsan, Srinivasan and Schippers, Marco},
	month = jul,
	year = {2022},
	pages = {4875--4911},
	file = {Full Text:/home/mirbro/Zotero/storage/Y6BKNBHY/Farr et al. - 2022 - Ultra‐high dose rate radiation production and deli.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{fuchs_plasma-based_2024,
	title = {Plasma-based particle sources},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1748-0221},
	url = {https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-0221/19/01/T01004},
	doi = {10.1088/1748-0221/19/01/T01004},
	abstract = {Abstract
            High-brightness particle beams generated by advanced
  accelerator concepts have the potential to become an essential part
  of future accelerator technology. In particular, high-gradient
  accelerators can generate and rapidly accelerate particle beams to
  relativistic energies. The rapid acceleration and strong confining
  fields can minimize irreversible detrimental effects to the beam
  brightness that occur at low beam energies, such as emittance growth
  or pulse elongation caused by space charge forces. Due to the high
  accelerating gradients, these novel accelerators are also
  significantly more compact than conventional technology. Advanced
  accelerators can be extremely variable and are capable of generating
  particle beams with vastly different properties using the same
  driver and setup with only modest changes to the interaction
  parameters. So far, efforts have mainly been focused on the
  generation of electron beams, but there are concepts to extend the
  sources to generate spin-polarized electron beams or positron beams.
            The beam parameters of these particle sources are largely determined
  by the injection and subsequent acceleration processes. Although,
  over the last decade there has been significant progress, the
  sources are still lacking a sufficiently high 6-dimensional (D)
  phase-space density that includes small transverse emittance, small
  energy spread and high charge, and operation at high repetition
  rate. This is required for future particle colliders with a
  sufficiently high luminosity or for more near-term applications,
  such as enabling the operation of free-electron lasers (FELs) in the
  X-ray regime.  Major research and development efforts are required
  to address these limitations in order to realize these approaches
  for a front-end injector for a future collider or next-generation
  light sources. In particular, this includes methods to control and
  manipulate the phase-space and spin degrees-of-freedom of ultrashort
  plasma-based electron bunches with high accuracy, and methods that
  increase efficiency and repetition rate. These efforts also include
  the development of high-resolution diagnostics, such as full 6D
  phase-space measurements, beam polarimetry and high-fidelity
  simulation tools.
            A further increase in beam luminosity can be achieve through
  emittance damping. Emittance cooling via the emission of synchrotron
  radiation using current technology requires kilometer-scale damping
  rings. For future colliders, the damping rings might be replaced by
  a substantially more compact plasma-based approach. Here, plasma
  wigglers with significantly stronger magnetic fields are used
  instead of permanent-magnet based wigglers to achieve similar
  damping performance but over a two orders of magnitude reduced
  length.},
	number = {01},
	urldate = {2024-01-20},
	journal = {Journal of Instrumentation},
	author = {Fuchs, M. and Andonian, G. and Apsimon, O. and Büscher, M. and Downer, M.C. and Filippetto, D. and Lehrach, A. and Schroeder, C.B. and Shadwick, B.A. and Thomas, A.G.R. and Vafaei-Najafabadi, N. and Xia, G.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2024},
	pages = {T01004},
	file = {Full Text:/home/mirbro/Zotero/storage/BCQ9PG45/Fuchs et al. - 2024 - Plasma-based particle sources.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{apollonio_improved_2022,
	title = {Improved {Emittance} and {Brightness} for the {MAX} {IV} 3 {GeV} {Storage} {Ring}},
	volume = {IPAC2022},
	copyright = {Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International},
	issn = {2673-5490},
	url = {https://jacow.org/ipac2022/doi/JACoW-IPAC2022-MOPOPT023.html},
	doi = {10.18429/JACOW-IPAC2022-MOPOPT023},
	abstract = {At MAX IV Laboratory, the Swedish Synchrotron Radiation (SR) facility, the largest of two rings operates at 3 GeV with a bare lattice emittance of 330 pm rad. Upgrade plans are under consideration aiming at a gradual reduction of the emittance, in three stages: a short-term with an emittance reduction of 20\% to 40\%, a mid-term with an emittance reduction of more than 50\% and a long-term with an emittance in the range of the diffraction limit for hard X-rays (10 keV). In this paper we focus on the short-term case, resuming previous work on a proposed lattice that can reach 270 pm rad emittance, with only minor modifications to the gradients of the magnets of the present ring, i.e. without any hardware changes and all within the present power supply limits. Linear lattice characterisation and calculations of key performance parameters, such as dynamic aperture and momentum aperture with errors, are described and compared to the present operating lattice. Experimental tests of injection into this lattice are also shown.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2024-01-20},
	journal = {Proceedings of the 13th International Particle Accelerator Conference},
	author = {Apollonio, Marco and Andersson, Åke and Brosi, Miriam and Lindvall, Robert and Olsson, David and Sjöström, Magnus and Svärd, Robin and Tavares, Pedro},
	collaborator = {Frank (Ed.), Zimmermann and Hitoshi (Ed.), Tanaka and Porntip (Ed.), Sudmuang and Prapong (Ed.), Klysubun and Prapaiwan (Ed.), Sunwong and Thakonwat (Ed.), Chanwattana and Christine (Ed.), Petit-Jean-Genaz and R.W. (Ed.), Volker, Schaa},
	year = {2022},
	note = {Artwork Size: 4 pages, 2.876 MB
ISBN: 9783954502271
Medium: PDF
Publisher: JACoW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland},
	keywords = {Accelerator Physics, MC5: Beam Dynamics and EM Fields},
	pages = {4 pages, 2.876 MB},
	annote = {SeriesInformation
Proceedings of the 13th International Particle Accelerator Conference, IPAC2022, Bangkok, Thailand},
}