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\date{\today}

\title[Proposal]{\Large{beam dynamics and collective effects in structured beams for advanced accelerator based radiation therapy
}}
\author[Miriam Brosi ]{Miriam Brosi}
\begin{document}



\begin{frame}
\titlepage
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Motivation}

The present advances in accelerator based RT, like FLASH RT or Microbeam RT,
lead to operation parameters of the used accelerators that can not anymore be described by simple linear optics and beam dynamics. Instead, due to the development towards higher intensity combined with shorter pulse lengths and transverse modulations, the consideration of non-linear and complex optics as well as beam dynamics influenced by collective effects becomes necessary for accelerator RT sources.\\
\vspace{0.5cm}
%Applying this knowledge,...
%Transfering ...
% bringing together
Further closing the gap between accelerator science and medical physics from the accelerator side is an important step and will help in paving the way towards accurate predictability, diagnostic and metrology of advanced RT with particle accelerators.
% aims to greatly improve the applicability of these RT methods in the future.
\end{frame}


\begin{frame}{Status quo}%{Ausgangslage}

\begin{itemize}
 \item RT is an important tool in cancer therapy, continuous development towards improved tolerability and increase of the therapeutic window

 \item two promising candidates recently: FLASH RT and spatially fractionated RT (MRT)
 \item not yet in clinical settings
% \item both show improved sparing of healthy tissue and reduction of secondary cancer also increasingly important due to increase in overall life expectancy
\item both dependent on particle accelerators and most medical linacs not sufficient
% \begin{itemize}
%  \item for FLASH: to achieve the required intensity in short pulses, e.g. linear accelerators for electron FLASH RT
%  \item for MRT: in case of x-ray beams, a high brilliant synchrotron light sources are required to provide sufficiently parallel propagating Microbeams
% \end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
FLASH RT
\begin{itemize}
\item requirements on stability and metrology of the used beams not yet fulfilled
\begin{itemize}
\item primary standard of standard particle RT not directly applicable
\item discrepancy observed between measured dose and simulated
\item non-linearity in detectors at ultra-high dose rates (e.g. high ion recombination rate)\\
$\rightarrow$ improved by UHDpulse project, still open questions
\item simulation of dose does in most cases do not consider interaction between beam particles
\item most diagnostic focuses on beam outside accelerator, potential of fast and accurate accelerator diagnostic not fully exploited (e.g. shot by shot charge, position, size, ... measurements)
\end{itemize}
\item optimal parameters such as pulse duration, intensity and energy not yet medically clear
\begin{itemize}
 \item input to possible parameter areas, that can be provided reliably by accelerators needed
 \item new accelerator types (e.g. laser-based ones for higher energies) bring also different beam dynamic effects to be considered, such as high energy spread, shot-to-shot variation, ...
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}


\begin{frame}{Status quo}%{Ausgangslage}
Spatially structured RT
\begin{itemize}
 \item Microbeam RT mainly studied with x-rays but similar potential for particle beams as demonstrated with GRID therapy
\begin{itemize}
\item modulation done mostly close to target
\end{itemize}
\item spatially modulated beams (non-Gaussian dose distribution) relevant to accommodate either irregular/uneven patient surfaces (e.g. electron conformal therapy ECT) or achieve homogeneous dose distributions
\begin{itemize}
 \item mostly handled by scanning, masks/collimators or bolus ECT
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}

% \vspace{cm}
General
\begin{itemize}
 \item  no interaction between beam particles considered in most simulations (e.g. FLUKA, EGSnrc, BDSIM with Geant4)
 \item OPAL does include 3D space charge, seems to mainly be used for proton therapy

\end{itemize}

\vspace{0.5cm}
$\Rightarrow$
Little to no mentioning of consideration of collective effects, which (from accelerator physics point of view) is expected to play an increasing role with decreasing pulse length and increasing pulse intensity, as well as with spatial structuring of the beam.
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Goals}
I would like to investigate how and which collective effects known in the accelerator beam dynamics affect the beam transport, beam-matter interaction and diagnostics in novel electron radiotherapy methods with temporally and spatially structured beams.
\begin{itemize}
\item improve predictability of RT beam properties and deposited dose on target
\begin{itemize}
 \item improve understanding of dynamic in generation of short or spatially structured RT beams
 \item investigate accelerator diagnostics that will be beneficial in new medical accelerators
\item improve simulation of beam transport through matter by including collective effects
\item contribute to development of improved dosimetry detectors by testing at variety of beam conditions
\end{itemize}
\item characterise possibility to generate different temporal and spatial distributions on target already during beam generation
  \item provide start-to-end simulations of RT beams, from inside the accelerator through the air into the target by combining beam dynamics, beam-matter interaction and collective effects simulations
\begin{itemize}
 \item first step: direct prediction of the resulting temporal\&spatial distribution on target
 \item second step: consider deformation in beam transport already during the beam generation
\item aiming towards the generation of a spatial distribution which preemptively compensates for the expected changes, possibly allowing arbitrary user-definable final distributions
\end{itemize}

\end{itemize}
\end{frame}


\begin{frame}{Methods}
\begin{itemize}
 \item Experimental:\\
 first test bed: FLUTE
 \begin{itemize}
  \item ultra-short pulses (variable length, and charge)
  \item spatial light-modulator (modulate spatial distribution)
  \item multitude of diagnostic (including virtual diagnostic via surrogate modeling)
  \item possibly joined measurements to test detector prototypes? (e.g. for dosimetry of ultra short pulses, or maybe pixel detectors to resolve 2D distribution
 \end{itemize}
\item Theoretical:
\begin{itemize}
\item for accelerator dynamics start with existing simulation tools (ASTRA, AT, Ocelot, ...)
\item for beam-matter interaction start with existing simulation tools (FLUKA, EGSnrc, BDSIM, OPAL, ...)
\item several option to include collective effects in beam transport through matter
\begin{itemize}
 \item Monte Carlo simulations
 \item particle tracking
\item phase-space density propagation
 \item covariance matrices (based on statistical particle ensembles)
\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\item regular cross-checks between experimental results and improved simulations
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

%
% \begin{frame}{Existing infrastructure and knowhow (1)}
% Environment:
% \begin{itemize}
%  \item ATP - accelerators as well as detector technologies
%  \item HEIKA - Heidelberg Karlsruhe Strategic Partnership
%  \item new KIT Center Health Technologies
%  \item possible Cluster of Excellence AccelerateRT
% \end{itemize}
%
% Accelerators:
% \begin{itemize}
% \item FLUTE electron linear accelerator as electron source up to 40MeV and ultra short pulses down to femtoseconds
% \begin{itemize}
% \item virtual diagnostic, spatial light modulator, ...
% \end{itemize}
% \item KARA storage ring as synchrotron light source for x-ray (and also THz ?)
% \begin{itemize}
%  \item extensive diagnostics, variable, special operation modes, ...
% \end{itemize}
% \item in the planing, CSTART innovative non-equilibrium storage ring will provide the possibility to study dynamics of changing pulse lengths
% \item coming, laser based accelerator
% \end{itemize}
% \end{frame}
%
% \begin{frame}{Existing infrastructure and knowhow (2)}
% Me:
% \begin{itemize}
% \item experience in longitudinal as well as transverse collective effects and instabilities influencing the electron bunch shape in all dimensions
% \item in general, investigating phenomena occurring under extreme operation modes, e.g. high charge, small transverse bunch-size, short bunch-length, sub-structures, ...
% \item on rings but focused on single bunch effects transferrable to linacs
% \item simulations of non-linear optics and beam dynamics, collective effects
% \item extensive experimental studies and measurements
% \item used diagnostics: electron-beam based as well as synchrotron-radiation based\\ as well as improved and further-developed diagnostic methods
% \item data analysis of complex, big datasets with, amongst others, Python and HPC (high performance computing)
% \end{itemize}
% \end{frame}


%
% \begin{frame}{Plan}
% Simulations:
% \begin{itemize}
%  \item start with simulations on the 6D particle distribution expected at the exit of the linear accelerator
%  \item followed by simulation of the beam dynamics for this particle distribution on its trajectory to the target
%  \begin{itemize}
%   \item based on existing simulation tools and models, e.g. transport/covariance matrices combined with average scattering angles based on existing beam-matter interaction descriptions
%  \end{itemize}
%  \item add collective effects, e.g. space charge, via impedances and/or particle tracking
% \end{itemize}
% Experimental in parallel:
% \begin{itemize}
% \item survey of required vs available diagnostics to measure 6D particle distribution at different positions in the linac, e.g. virtual diagnostic available
% \item measurements of 6D particle distribution at accelerator exit based on starting distribution
%  \item experimental studies of the propagation of 6D particle distribution through air and/or water, including acquiring and set up of necessary diagnostic/detectors/targets
% \item extend studies to X-ray(/THz?) at synchrotron light source (KARA)
% \end{itemize}
%
% periodical cross-checks between experimental results and simulations to iteratively improve both
%
% \end{frame}
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\end{document}
